RT Journal Article ID 61ea4c0c7543ec28 A1 Mench, M. M. A1 Houghton, P. A. A1 Hansel, J. G. T1 FLAME SPREADING AND VIOLENT ENERGY RELEASE PROCESS OF ALUMINUM TUBING IN LIQUID AND GASEOUS OXYGEN ENVIRONMENTS JF International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion JO IJEMCP YR 2002 FD 2002-01-01 VO 5 IS 1-6 SP 384 OP 396 AB The intense reaction observed between aluminum and oxygen in a liquid oxygen (LOX) environment has been termed a violent energy release (VER) reaction, but the details of the combustion process are not fully understood. In this study, the promoted ignition, flame spreading, and combustion phenomena of aluminum 3003 alloy tubing filled with LOX, surrounded by a shell of gaseous oxygen (GOX), were observed. Parameters that were systematically varied include the tube- and shell-side GOX and LOX pressures, flow rates, oxygen purities, as well as igniter location, tube-side GOX quality, and sample thickness. An extremely high flame spreading rate, a high luminosity flame-zone, and a very rapid rate of heat release characterize the VER burning mode. The effect of tube- or shell-side impurity is to raise the threshold pressure for self-sustained combustion and VER transition. Decreased wall thickness tends to lower the threshold pressure for self-sustained combustion and transition to VER. It is believed that the VER flame-spreading mode is primarily a result of high convective mass flux of oxygen into the reaction zone due to oxygen phase transition; this process greatly enhances both the reaction rate and the molten material removal rate. PB Begell House LK https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/17bbb47e377ce023,76f8e14974df93a8,61ea4c0c7543ec28.html