RT Journal Article ID 27d8b1fb3830962b A1 Payne, Thomas A1 Mitchell, Sean A1 Bibb, Richard T1 Design of Human Surrogates for the Study of Biomechanical Injury: A Review JF Critical Reviews™ in Biomedical Engineering JO CRB YR 2013 FD 2013-03-07 VO 41 IS 1 SP 51 OP 89 K1 biomechanics K1 model K1 ATD K1 PMHS K1 cadaver K1 animal K1 volunteer K1 computational K1 PPE K1 impact AB Human surrogates are representations of living human structures employed to replicate "real-life" injurious scenarios in artificial environments. They are used primarily to evaluate personal protective equipment (PPE) or integrated safety systems (e.g., seat belts) in a wide range of industry sectors (e.g., automotive, military, security service, and sports equipment). Surrogates are commonly considered in five major categories relative to their form and functionality: human volunteers, postmortem human surrogates, animal surrogates, anthropomorphic test devices, and computational models. Each surrogate has its relative merits. Surrogates have been extensively employed in scenarios concerning "life-threatening" impacts (e.g., penetrating bullets or automotive accidents). However, more frequently occurring nonlethal injuries (e.g., fractures, tears, lacerations, contusions) often result in full or partial debilitation in contexts where optimal human performance is crucial (e.g., military, sports). Detailed study of these injuries requires human surrogates with superior biofidelity to those currently available if PPE designs are to improve. The opportunities afforded by new technologies, materials, instrumentation, and processing capabilities should be exploited to develop a new generation of more sophisticated human surrogates. This paper presents a review of the current state of the art in human surrogate construction, highlighting weaknesses and opportunities, to promote research into improved surrogates for PPE development. PB Begell House LK https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/4b27cbfc562e21b8,466a37f746795863,27d8b1fb3830962b.html