年間 12 号発行
ISSN 印刷: 1044-5110
ISSN オンライン: 1936-2684
Indexed in
EFFECTS OF NONCONDENSABLE GAS ON CAVITATING NOZZLES
要約
This paper focuses on the analysis of low-pressure regions inside fuel injector nozzles, where fuel vapor formation (strictly referred to as cavitation, or vaporous cavitation) and expansion of noncondensable gas (also referred to as pseudo cavitation, or gaseous cavitation) can simultaneously occur. Recently, X-ray radiography experiments of a 500 µm diameter cavitating nozzle showed that the presence of dissolved gas in the fuel can cause significant changes in the apparent distribution of projected void fraction. In this article, the effect of dissolved gas on cavitation measurements is investigated in further detail through experimentation and numerical simulations. Test conditions have been selected to have highly cavitating conditions. Tests with a standard gasoline calibration fluid and equivalent degassed fluid are compared and discussed. Numerical simulations have been conducted under the same conditions as the radiography experiments. The primary goal of the study is a quantification of the separate contributions of gas expansion as opposed to actual cavitation to the measurement of total void fraction. The multiphase flow is represented using a mixture model. Phase change is modeled via the homogeneous relaxation model. Particular attention is paid to quantifying the effective amount of noncondensable gas included in the mixture, in order to predict the response of regular and degassed fuels. The presence of dissolved gas in the multiphase flow is taken into account using a compressible fluid model with three distinct components (liquid, vapor, and gas). Issues surrounding estimation of the effective amount of noncondensable gas are discussed. Numerical simulation results match well with the experiments and indicate that when a sufficient quantity of gas is dissolved in the fuel, a void is evident in the central region of the channel that can be attributed to local expansion of noncondensed gas. Conversely, degassed fuel shows only intense cavitation at the nozzle wall, with very little contribution from noncondensed gas.
-
Dong Pengbo, Inaba Takuya, Nishida Keiya, Ogata Youichi, Shimo Daisuke, Namba Makoto, Characteristics of Nozzle Internal Flow and Near-Field Spray of Multi-Hole Injectors for Diesel Engines, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1, 2015. Crossref
-
Battistoni Michele, Xue Qingluan, Som Sibendu, Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) of Spray Transients: Start and End of Injection Phenomena, Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles, 71, 1, 2016. Crossref
-
Prosperetti Andrea, The speed of sound in a gas–vapour bubbly liquid, Interface Focus, 5, 5, 2015. Crossref
-
Duke Daniel J, Swantek Andrew B, Kastengren Alan L, Powell Christopher F, X-ray Diagnostics for Cavitating Nozzle Flow, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 656, 2015. Crossref
-
Battistoni Michele, Poggiani Claudio, Som Sibendu, Prediction of the Nozzle Flow and Jet Characteristics at Start and End of Injection: Transient Behaviors, SAE International Journal of Engines, 9, 1, 2015. Crossref
-
Kastengren Alan, Duke Daniel, Swantek Andrew, Sevik James, Matusik Katarzyna, Wallner Thomas, Powell Christopher F., Time-Resolved X-Ray Radiography of Spark Ignition Plasma, SAE International Journal of Engines, 9, 2, 2016. Crossref
-
Saha Kaushik, Som Sibendu, Battistoni Michele, Li Yanheng, Pomraning Eric, Senecal P. K., Numerical Investigation of Two-Phase Flow Evolution of In- and Near-Nozzle Regions of a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine During Needle Transients, SAE International Journal of Engines, 9, 2, 2016. Crossref
-
Duke Daniel J., Kastengren Alan L., Swantek Andrew B., Matusik Katarzyna E., Powell Christopher F., X-ray fluorescence measurements of dissolved gas and cavitation, Experiments in Fluids, 57, 10, 2016. Crossref
-
Mitroglou N., Lorenzi M., Santini M., Gavaises M., Application of X-ray micro-computed tomography on high-speed cavitating diesel fuel flows, Experiments in Fluids, 57, 11, 2016. Crossref
-
Pandal A., Pastor J.M., García-Oliver J.M., Baldwin E., Schmidt D.P., A consistent, scalable model for Eulerian spray modeling, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 83, 2016. Crossref
-
Lorenzi M., Mitroglou N., Santini M., Gavaises M., Novel experimental technique for 3D investigation of high-speed cavitating diesel fuel flows by X-ray micro computed tomography, Review of Scientific Instruments, 88, 3, 2017. Crossref
-
Koukouvinis Phoevos, Mitroglou Nicholas, Gavaises Manolis, Lorenzi Massimo, Santini Maurizio, Quantitative predictions of cavitation presence and erosion-prone locations in a high-pressure cavitation test rig, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 819, 2017. Crossref
-
Li Buxuan, Gu Youwei, Chen Min, An experimental study on the cavitation of water with dissolved gases, Experiments in Fluids, 58, 12, 2017. Crossref
-
Duke Daniel J, Matusik Katarzyna E, Kastengren Alan L, Swantek Andrew B, Sovis Nicholas, Payri Raul, Viera Juan P, Powell Christopher F, X-ray radiography of cavitation in a beryllium alloy nozzle, International Journal of Engine Research, 18, 1-2, 2017. Crossref
-
Saha Kaushik, Battistoni Michele, Som Sibendu, Modeling of Flash Boiling Phenomenon in Internal and Near-Nozzle Flow of Fuel Injectors, in Droplets and Sprays, 2018. Crossref
-
Tahmasebi Ehsanallah, Lucchini Tommaso, D’Errico Gianluca, Onorati Angelo, Hardy Gilles, An investigation of the validity of a homogeneous equilibrium model for different diesel injector nozzles and flow conditions, Energy Conversion and Management, 154, 2017. Crossref
-
He Zhixia, Zhang Liang, Saha Kaushik, Som Sibendu, Duan Lian, Wang Qian, Investigations of effect of phase change mass transfer rate on cavitation process with homogeneous relaxation model, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 89, 2017. Crossref
-
Iben Uwe, Makhnov Andrei, Schmidt Alexander, Numerical study of the effects of dissolved gas release in cavitating flow, 2027, 2018. Crossref
-
Duke Daniel J., Kastengren Alan L., Matusik Katarzyna E., Powell Christopher F., Hard X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of high pressure cavitating fluids in aluminum nozzles, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 108, 2018. Crossref
-
Bauer D, Barthel F, Hampel U, High-speed x-ray CT imaging of a strongly cavitating nozzle flow, Journal of Physics Communications, 2, 7, 2018. Crossref
-
Zhou Yusi, Li Buxuan, Gu Youwei, Chen Min, A molecular dynamics simulation study on the cavitation inception of water with dissolved gases, Molecular Physics, 117, 14, 2019. Crossref
-
Magnotti Gina M., Battistoni Michele, Saha Kaushik, Som Sibendu, Influence of Turbulence and Thermophysical Fluid Properties on Cavitation Erosion Predictions in Channel Flow Geometries, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1, 2019. Crossref
-
Simpson Alister, Ranade Vivek V., Flow characteristics of vortex based cavitation devices, AIChE Journal, 65, 9, 2019. Crossref
-
Pelanti Marica, Shyue Keh-Ming, A numerical model for multiphase liquid–vapor–gas flows with interfaces and cavitation, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 113, 2019. Crossref
-
Payri Raul, Gimeno Jaime, Marti-Aldaravi Pedro, Martínez María, Nozzle Flow Simulation of GDi for Measuring Near-Field Spray Angle and Plume Direction, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1, 2019. Crossref
-
Marti-Aldaravi Pedro, Saha Kaushik, Gimeno Jaime, Som Sibendu, Numerical Simulation of a Direct-Acting Piezoelectric Prototype Injector Nozzle Flow for Partial Needle Lifts, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1, 2017. Crossref
-
Battistoni Michele, Magnotti Gina M., Genzale Caroline L., Arienti Marco, Matusik Katarzyna E., Duke Daniel J., Giraldo Jhoan, Ilavsky Jan, Kastengren Alan L., Powell Christopher F., Marti-Aldaravi Pedro, Experimental and Computational Investigation of Subcritical Near-Nozzle Spray Structure and Primary Atomization in the Engine Combustion Network Spray D, SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 11, 4, 2018. Crossref
-
Saha Kaushik, Srivastava Priyesh, Quan Shaoping, Senecal P. K., Pomraning Eric, Som Sibendu, Modeling the Dynamic Coupling of Internal Nozzle Flow and Spray Formation for Gasoline Direct Injection Applications, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1, 2018. Crossref
-
Saha Kaushik, Som Sibendu, Battistoni Michele, Li Yanheng, Quan Shaoping, Kelly Senecal Peter, Modeling of Internal and Near-Nozzle Flow for a Gasoline Direct Injection Fuel Injector, Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 138, 5, 2016. Crossref
-
Westlye Fredrik R., Battistoni Michele, Skeen Scott A., Manin Julien, Pickett Lyle M., Ivarsson Anders, Penetration and combustion characterization of cavitating and non-cavitating fuel injectors under diesel engine conditions, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1, 2016. Crossref
-
Battistoni Michele, Som Sibendu, Powell Christopher F., Highly resolved Eulerian simulations of fuel spray transients in single and multi-hole injectors: Nozzle flow and near-exit dynamics, Fuel, 251, 2019. Crossref
-
Freudigmann Hans-Arndt, Dörr Aaron, Iben Uwe, Pelz Peter F., Modeling of Cavitation-Induced Air Release Phenomena in Micro-Orifice Flows, Journal of Fluids Engineering, 139, 11, 2017. Crossref
-
Saha Kaushik, Quan Shaoping, Battistoni Michele, Som Sibendu, Senecal P. K., Pomraning Eric, Coupled Eulerian Internal Nozzle Flow and Lagrangian Spray Simulations for GDI Systems, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1, 2017. Crossref
-
Nocivelli Lorenzo, Sforzo Brandon A., Tekawade Aniket, Yan Junhao, Powell Christopher F., Chang Wayne, Lee Chia-Fon, Som Sibendu, Analysis of the Spray Numerical Injection Modeling for Gasoline Applications, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1, 2020. Crossref
-
Shahangian Navid, Sharifian Leila, Miyagawa Jun, Bergamini Stefano, Uehara Kazuhiro, Noguchi Yasushi, Marti-Aldaravi Pedro, Martínez María, Payri Raul, Nozzle Flow and Spray Development One-Way Coupling Methodology for a Multi-Hole GDi Injector, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1, 2019. Crossref
-
Shahangian Navid, Sharifian Leila, Uehara Kazuhiro, Noguchi Yasushi, Martínez María, Martí-Aldaraví Pedro, Payri Raúl, Transient nozzle flow simulations of gasoline direct fuel injectors, Applied Thermal Engineering, 175, 2020. Crossref
-
Guo Hengjie, Torelli Roberto, Bautista Rodriguez Abian, Tekawade Aniket, Sforzo Brandon, Powell Christopher, Som Sibendu, Internal Nozzle Flow Simulations of the ECN Spray C Injector under Realistic Operating Conditions, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1, 2020. Crossref
-
Guo Hengjie, Nocivelli Lorenzo, Torelli Roberto, Som Sibendu, Towards understanding the development and characteristics of under-expanded flash boiling jets, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 129, 2020. Crossref
-
Habchi Chaouki, Real-fluid phase transition in cavitation modeling considering dissolved non-condensable gas, Physics of Fluids, 32, 3, 2020. Crossref
-
Li Qiang, Li Wei, Zhang Jian, Ming Dezhi, Xu Weiwei, Wang Zhenbo, The effect of NCG on the characteristics of hydraulic cavitation, Mechanics & Industry, 21, 5, 2020. Crossref
-
Magnotti Gina M., Battistoni Michele, Saha Kaushik, Som Sibendu, Development and validation of the cavitation-induced erosion risk assessment tool, Transportation Engineering, 2, 2020. Crossref
-
Magnotti Gina M., Som Sibendu, Assessing Fuel Property Effects on Cavitation and Erosion Propensity Using a Computational Fuel Screening Tool, Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 142, 11, 2020. Crossref
-
Mohan Balaji, Badra Jihad, Sim Jaeheon, Im Hong G, Coupled in-nozzle flow and spray simulation of Engine Combustion Network Spray-G injector, International Journal of Engine Research, 22, 9, 2021. Crossref
-
Duronio Francesco, Ranieri Stefano, Montanaro Alessandro, Allocca Luigi, De Vita Angelo, ECN Spray G injector: Numerical modelling of flash-boiling breakup and spray collapse, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 145, 2021. Crossref
-
Karathanassis I. K., Heidari-Koochi M., Zhang Q., Hwang J., Koukouvinis P., Wang J., Gavaises M., X-ray phase contrast and absorption imaging for the quantification of transient cavitation in high-speed nozzle flows, Physics of Fluids, 33, 3, 2021. Crossref
-
Le Anh Dinh, Phan Thanh Hoang, Tran The Hung, Assessment of a Homogeneous Model for Simulating a Cavitating Flow in Water Under a Wide Range of Temperatures, Journal of Fluids Engineering, 143, 10, 2021. Crossref
-
Iben U, Makhnov A, Schmidt A, Numerical study of dissolved gas release induced by cavitation in a high speed channel flow, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1400, 7, 2019. Crossref
-
Payri Raúl, Gimeno Jaime, Martí-Aldaraví Pedro, Martínez María, Validation of a three-phase Eulerian CFD model to account for cavitation and spray atomization phenomena, Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 43, 4, 2021. Crossref
-
Mondal Sudeepta, Torelli Roberto, Lusch Bethany, Milan Petro Junior, Magnotti Gina M., Accelerating the Generation of Static Coupling Injection Maps Using a Data-Driven Emulator, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1, 2021. Crossref
-
Guo Genmiao, He Zhixia, Wang Qian, Lai Ming-Chai, Zhong Wenjun, Guan Wei, Wang Jiangquan, Numerical investigation of transient hole-to-hole variation in cavitation regimes inside a multi-hole diesel nozzle, Fuel, 287, 2021. Crossref
-
Hofmeister Marius, Rambaks Andris, Rückert Marcel, Grunewald Mathias, Reddemann Manuel, Kneer Reinhold, Schmitz Katharina, A Method for Determining the Bunsen Coefficient of Bio-Hybrid Fuels, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1, 2021. Crossref
-
Mohapatra Chinmoy K, Schmidt David P, Sforzo Brandon A, Matusik Katarzyna E, Yue Zongyu, Powell Christopher F, Som Sibendu, Mohan Balaji, Im Hong G, Badra Jihad, Bode Mathis, Pitsch Heinz, Papoulias Dimitrios, Neroorkar Kshitij, Muzaferija Samir, Martí-Aldaraví Pedro, Martínez María, Collaborative investigation of the internal flow and near-nozzle flow of an eight-hole gasoline injector (Engine Combustion Network Spray G), International Journal of Engine Research, 2020. Crossref
-
Bode Mathis, Schwarz Philip, On Predictive Nozzle Simulations with Advanced Equations of State and Pressure Boundary Conditions, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1, 2022. Crossref
-
Mishra Rohit, Jiwani Daniel, Jarrahbashi Dorrin, Three-component multi-fluid modeling of pseudo-cavitation phenomenon in diesel injector nozzles, International Journal of Engine Research, 23, 4, 2022. Crossref
-
Salvador F.J., Pastor J.M., De la Morena J., Martínez-Miracle E.C., Computational study on the influence of nozzle eccentricity in spray formation by means of Eulerian Σ - Y coupled simulations in diesel injection nozzles, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 129, 2020. Crossref
-
Duronio Francesco, Di Mascio Andrea, Villante Carlo, Anatone Michele, De Vita Angelo, ECN Spray G: Coupled Eulerian internal nozzle flow and Lagrangian spray simulation in flash boiling conditions, International Journal of Engine Research, 2022. Crossref
-
Payri Raúl, Gimeno Jaime, Martí-Aldaraví Pedro, Martínez María, Transient nozzle flow analysis and near field characterization of gasoline direct fuel injector using Large Eddy Simulation, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 148, 2022. Crossref
-
Milan Petro Junior, Mondal Sudeepta, Torelli Roberto, Lusch Bethany, Maulik Romit, Magnotti Gina M., Data-Driven Modeling of Large-Eddy Simulations for Fuel Injector Design, AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum, 2021. Crossref
-
Kumar Aishvarya, Ghobadian Ali, Nouri Jamshid, Numerical simulation and experimental validation of cavitating flow in a multi-hole diesel fuel injector, International Journal of Engine Research, 23, 6, 2022. Crossref
-
Gomez Santos Eduardo, Shi Junmei, Venkatasubramanian Ramesh, Hoffmann Guy, Gavaises Manolis, Bauer Wolfgang, Modelling and prediction of cavitation erosion in GDi injectors operated with E100 fuel, Fuel, 289, 2021. Crossref
-
Mondal Sudeepta, Magnotti Gina M., Lusch Bethany, Maulik Romit, Torelli Roberto, Machine Learning-Enabled Prediction of Transient Injection Map in Automotive Injectors With Uncertainty Quantification, Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 145, 4, 2023. Crossref
-
Torelli Roberto, Pei Yuanjiang, Zhang Yu, Som Sibendu, End-to-end modeling of fuel injection via static coupling of internal flow and ensuing spray, Communications Engineering, 1, 1, 2022. Crossref