Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
6
4
2004
Medicinal Value of Culinary-Medicinal Maitake Mushroom Grifola frondosa (Dicks.:Fr.) S.F. Gray (Aphyllophoromycetideae). Review.
28
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v6.i4.10
Cun
Zhuang
Mushroom Wisdom Inc., 1 Madison Street, Building F, East Rutherford, NJ 07073, USA
Solomon P.
Wasser
International Centre for Biotechnology and Biodiversity of Fungi,
Institute of Evolution and Faculty of Natural Sciences,
University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
Grifola frondosa (Maitake) is a culinary—medicinal mushroom found in some parts of Europe, North America, and Asia. It usually grows naturally on and around the roots of various kinds of deciduous trees. In Japan, it was found in the northern part, and wild G. frondosa was served only at top-class restaurants because of its good flavor, crisp texture, and excellent aroma. Since the mid-1980s, the development of successful cultivation methods has led to its availability in large-scale production and extensive research. The main research on G. frondosa has been conducted in antitumor, anti-HIV, antihypertension, antidiabetes, antihyperlipemia, and antiobesity, and the results demonstrated that G. frondosa is one of the most bioactive, safe mushrooms. In this article, the artificial cultivation and the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of G. frondosa are described in detail.
Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Effects of Culinary-Medicinal Shiitake Mushroom Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer: Analysis of NK Activity, Lymphoproliferative Response, and Antibody Production
12
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v6.i4.20
Ramon
Kaneno
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Bioscience of Botucatu/UNESP, P.O. Box 510, ZC 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
Andrea V. F.
Belik
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Bioscience of Botucatu/UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
Fabiani G.
Frantz
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Bioscience of Botucatu/UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
Juliana S. F.
Lorenzo
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Bioscience of Botucatu/UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
Luciana M.
Fontanari
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Bioscience of Botucatu/UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
Lindsey
Castoldi
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Bioscience of Botucatu/UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
Bianca R.
Dias
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Bioscience of Botucatu/UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
Ana L. T. Spinardi
Barbisan
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Botucatu/UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
Augusto Ferreira
da Eira
Department of Plant Production, Agriculture Microbiology, FCA/UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
We evaluated the efficiency of 12 aqueous extracts obtained at three different temperatures from four strains of culinary−medicinal Shiitake mushroom Lentinus edodes in protecting mice against the development of Ehrlich carcinoma. We observed first that the strains Le 96/17 and Le 95/ 01 of L. edodes were more efficient than JAB/k and Le 96/22 in increasing the survival time of tumor-bearing mice and that the temperature of 60 °C for extraction was more efficient than 22 °C or 100 °C for the first two strains. Groups of animals were then sacrificed following the treatments with the extract from Le 96/17 or Le 95/01 obtained at 60 °C and evaluated on the NK activity, the lymphoproliferative responsiveness of spleen cells to concanavalin A, and the specific antibody production. NK activity and proliferative response were not affected by the treatments, whereas the antitumor antibody response was enhanced by Le 95/01. Further analysis demonstrated that the extracts in vitro inhibited the NK activity and the proliferative responsiveness to concanavalin A.
A Phase I/II Study of Ling Zhi Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) Lloyd (Aphyllophoromycetideae) Extract in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease
8
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v6.i4.30
Yihuai
Gao
Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University; Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
Guoliang
Chen
Division of Traditional Chinese Medicine, New Zealand Institute of Natural Medicines, Auckland, New Zealand
Xihu
Dai
Department of Internal Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region of the Peoples' Liberation Army, Fuzhou, R.P. China
Jingxian
Ye
Department of Integrated Medicine. Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, R.P. China
Shufeng
Zhou
Division of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore; University of South Florida FL 33612, USA
The polysaccharides and triterpenes isolated from Ganoderma lucidum have shown hypolipidemic, hypotensive, and antithrombotic effects. This double-blind, randomized, multicentered study was designed to evaluate the clinical effects and safety of extracted G. lucidum polysaccharides (Ganopoly) in patients with confirmed coronary heart disease (CHD). Patients were randomly assigned to receive Ganopoly (n = 88) or placebo (n = 82) for 12 weeks. Effects of therapy on improvement of major symptoms, electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, and serum cholesterol level were investigated. Ten patients were lost to the trial, leaving 80 in each group to be assessed after 12 weeks. The results indicate that patients in both groups were similar with respect to age, gender, serum cholesterol level, and disease duration. Ganopoly treatment gave a significantly higher improved percentage (31.6−54.7%) of the primary symptoms (chest pain, palpitation, angina pectoris, and shortness of breath) in CHD patients compared to the control group (17.2−24.7%). The percentage of abnormal ECG also significantly decreased from 74 to 55% in the treatment group, compared to a decrease of 76 to 74% in the control group. Ganopoly treatment also resulted in a significant decrease of blood pressure, whereas control group did not. The diastolic pressure was decreased by ≥10 mmHg in 22.5% patients receiving Ganopoly. The average blood pressure (systolic/diastolic, 142.5/96.4 mmHg) in this group was reduced to 135.1/92.8 mmHg after 12 weeks of treatment. Serum cholesterol levels decreased significantly after 12 weeks of Ganopoly therapy to the baseline values, whereas cholesterol levels remained unchanged in the control group. Ganopoly is well tolerated and appeared to be active in patients with CHD.
The Isolation, Structure, and Applications of the Exocellular Heteropolysaccharide Glucuronoxylomannan Produced by Yellow Brain Mushroom Tremella mesenterica Ritz.:Fr. (Heterobasidiomycetes)
12
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v6.i4.40
Evgeny
Vinogradov
Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Bent O.
Petersen
Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark
Jens O.
Duus
Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark
The yellow brain mushroom Tremella mesenterica possesses a wide spectrum of medicinal properties, including immunostimulating, protecting against radiation, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, and antiallergic effects. A unique feature of T. mesenterica is that most of the above-mentioned medicinal properties depend on polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) contained in fruiting bodies or produced in pure culture conditions. We developed a new strain of T. mesenterica, CBS 101939, which grows in submerged culture and offers superior yields of one-cell biomass rich in exocellular heteropolysaccharide GXM. The structure of the GXM was analyzed by NMR spectroscopy and chemical methods. The polysaccharide is defined as a repeating unit structure which is O-acetylated at several points. These results differ from the previously published structure of Tremella extracellular polysaccharides, where the mannan backbone was believed to be randomly glycosylated with xylan chains of different length.
Morphological, Physiological, and Growth Characteristics of Mycelia of Several Wood-Decaying Medicinal Mushrooms (Aphyllophoromycetideae)
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10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v6.i4.50
Susanna M.
Badalyan
Laboratory of Fungal Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian St., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
Carmen Z.
Sakeyan
Laboratory of Fungal Biology and Biotechnology, Yerevan State University, Dept. of Botany, 1 Aleg Manoogian St., 375025, Yerevan, Armenia
In this article, we describe the morphological, physiological, and cultural characteristics (growth rate and coefficient, macro- and micromorphological peculiarities, and extracellular laccase activity tests) of vegetative mycelia of wood-decaying medicinal mushrooms Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) P. Karst., G. applanatum (Pers.) Pat., Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr., Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.:Fr.) P. Karst., Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.) P. Karst., and Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers. and estimated their taxonomic significance. The screening was carried out on different nutrient media: malt-extract agar (MEA), potato-dextrose agar (PDA), and glucose-peptone agar (GPA). Mycelia of white-rot mushrooms (G. lucidum, G. applanatum, and F. fomentarius) preferred MEA medium and revealed strong laccase activity. Laccase tests were negative in brown-rot species (L. sulphureus, P. betulinus, D. quercina) which grew relatively well on PDA medium.
Accumulation of 137Cs and 90Sr in Wild-Growing and Cultivated Lignotrophic Macromycetes in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Exclusion Zone (Ukraine)
8
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v6.i4.60
Anna A.
Grodzinskaya
Department of Spore Plants, M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tereshchenkivska str. 2, Kiev, GSP-1, 01601, Ukraine
Nickolai D.
Kuchma
Ukrainian Research Institute of Population and Territory Civil Defense from Technological and Natural Emergencies, Emergencies Ministry of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
Levels of 137Cs and 90Sr accumulation in wild-growing lygnotrophic macromycetes Trametes versicolor (L.:Fr.) Pilat, Fomes fomentarius (L.:Fr.) Gill. Heterobasidion annosus (Fr.) Bref., Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.:Fr.) P. Kumm., Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.:Fr.) P. Karst., Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) P. Kumm., which grew in the Exclusion Zone (an area ranging 20 km to the south of Chernobyl NPP) and in cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes (Berk.)Singer grown on wood substrates taken from the territory of "Red forest-2" (ranging 4 km to the north of ChNPP) was measured using gamma spectrometry and radiochemical analysis based on the accumulation of 90Y.The ratio of 137Cs/90Sr in mushrooms that grew in natural conditions ranged from 0.5 to 37 (averaging 13.7), and the ratio was generally three times higher than in experiments with cultivation conditions (from 0.085 to 0.169, averaging 0.120). It appears that higher levels of contamination with radiostrontium in cultivated lignotrophs were associated with its higher biological availability in homogeneous and watered substrates. The maximum level (32251 Bq/kg dry weight) of 90Sr was observed for P. ostreatus on pine substrate. Some increase in radiostrontium content in woods observed during the last years in territories contaminated with radioactive Sr will inevitably cause an increased content in lygnotrophic macromycetes. In order to promote ecological safety, the selective monitoring of 90Sr content in fruiting bodies of cultivated lignotroph species even in territories with a low surface contamination is strongly recommended.
Some Physiological Aspects of the Submerged Cultivation of Culinary-Medicinal Shiitake Mushroom Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer (Agaricomycetideae)
6
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v6.i4.70
Nina A.
Bisko
Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev
Victor V.
Scherba
Institute of Microbiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Byelorussia, Minsk, Byelorussia
Nadezda Yu.
Mitropolskaya
M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tereschenkivska Str. 2, Kiev, 252601, Ukraine
Production of biomass, lipids, protein, exo- and endopolysaccharides in different cultivation conditions, the composition of mycelia and fruiting bodies, and infrared spectra of exo- and endopolysaccharides of Lentinus edodes were studied. It was demonstrated that an intensity of aeration of 1.5 L/L/min with an agitation speed of 100 rpm in a fermenter provided the most favorable conditions for the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides. Infrared spectra of exo- and endopolysaccharides showed that the most pronounced absorption zones were at 3400 cm−1 and 1550 cm−1.
Effect of Wheat Bran Supplementation to the Sawdust Substrate on Mycelial Growth Rate and Production of Extracellular Degradative Enzymes by the Medicinal Reishi Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) Lloyd (Aphyllophoromycetideae)
8
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v6.i4.80
R. D.
Rai
National Research Centre for Mushroom (ICAR), Chambaghat, Solan, HP
Shwet
Kamal
ICAR−Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan, Himachal Pradesh-173213, India
S. K.
Singh
National Research Centre for Mushroom (ICAR), Chambaghat, Solan, HP, India
The mycelial growth of the Reishi medicinal mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) increased with the increase of the wheat bran rate added to the basal sawdust medium up to 20% supplementation but leveled off thereafter. G. lucidum produced 11 extracellular degradative enzymes: cellulases (filter paperase, endoglucanase, avicelase, cellulase azure, β-glucosidase), lignin peroxidase, Mn-dependent peroxidase, laccase, xylanase, amylase, and proteinase. The significant increase in the activities of the extracellular degradative enzymes in G. lucidum occurred in the wheat-bran-enriched basal sawdust medium.
The Neurotropic Psilocybe (Fr.) Kumm. (Agaricales, Strophariaceae) in Brazil: A Revision of the Known Species, the Fırst Record of P. wrightii, and the Synonymy of P. caeruleoannulata
6
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v6.i4.90
Vagner G.
Cortez
Graduate Program in Botany, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
A discussion of the 42 names related with Psilocybe reported from Brazil is presented, of which 29 are accepted species and 21 belong to the neurotropic fungi. The oldest references came from 1856, 1889, and 1906, with the general works on fungi or Agaricales by Montagne, Spegazzini, and Rick, respectively, although the studies in the genus started with Guzmán in 1978. The neurotropic fungus Psilocybe wrightii, only known from Argentina, is reported for the first time from Brazil, and P. uruguayensis, another neurotropic fungus, is considered a synonym of P. caeruleoannulata, which is reported now from the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Book Review. MUSHROOMS: CULTIVATION, NUTRITIONAL VALUE, MEDICINAL EFFECT, AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT by Shu-Ting Chang and Philip G. Miles
4
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v6.i4.100
Indices to Volume 6
8
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v6.i4.110
The 5th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products The 3rd International Medicinal Mushroom Conference
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