Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
4
3
2002
Anticancer and Hypoglycemic Effects of Polysaccharides in Edible and Medicinal Maitake Mushroom [Grifola frondosa (Dicks.: Fr.) S. F. Gray]
11
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v4.i3.10
Sensuke
Konno
Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
Shahrad
Aynehchi
Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
Daniele J.
Dolin
Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
Alec M.
Schwartz
Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
Muhammad S.
Choudhury
Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
Hiroshi
Tazaki
Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
An investigation was carried out on the possible anticancer activity and hypoglycemic action of bioactive polysaccharides of Higher Basidiomycetes maitake mushroom [Grifola frondosa (Dicks.: Fr.) S. F. Gray], namely, D-fraction and SX-fraction, on human prostate cancer PC-3 cells in vitro and type 2 diabetic patients. D-fraction at і480 mg/mL was highly cytotoxic to prostatic cancer PC-3 cells, inducing nearly complete cell death (>95%) in 24 hours. The combination of a low concentration (60 [mg/mL) of D-fraction (with no cytotoxic effect) and vitamin С (200 mM) was also found to be as effective as 480 mg/mL D-fraction alone, suggesting a synergistic potentiation of D-fraction with vitamin C. An anticancer agent carmustine (BCNU), capable of inducing a -50% reduction in cell viability by itself (50 mM), then showed its enhanced cytotoxicity with D-fraction (60 mg/mL), resulting in a ~90% cell viability reduction. In clinical studies on hypoglycemic effect of SX-fraction, 5 patients with type 2 diabetes under oral medications demonstrated improved glycemic levels with G. frondosa polysacchande caplets (MFCs) containing active SX-fraction. One patient showed complete glycemic control with MFCs and is currently free of medications, whereas others showed over 30% decline in their serum glucose levels with MFCs in 2 to 4 weeks. Therefore, polysaccharides of G. frondosa may have therapeutic implications in the effective treatments of prostate cancer (anticancer activity) and type 2 diabetes (hypoglycemic action).
Extraction of Conformationally Stable (1®6)-Branched (1®3)-b-Glucans from Premixed Edible Mushroom Powders by Cold Alkaline Solution
9
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v4.i3.20
Masaji
Sawai
Takara Agri Co., Ltd., 2257 Noji, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
Yoshiyuki
Adachi
Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
Manabu
Kanai
Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392;Japan
Susumu
Matsui
Takara Agri Co., Ltd., 2257 Noji, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
Toshiro
Yadomae
Laboratory of Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
(1®3)-b-glucan content in extracts from various edible mushrooms was measured by using a (l®-6)-branched (1®3)-b-glucan-specific enzyme immune system. Comparing (1®3)-b-glucan content in hot water extracts or cold alkaline extracts of each edible mushroom, it was shown that Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. contained higher levels of (1®3)-b-glucan than any of the other mushrooms. Cold alkaline extract possessed the highest amount of (1®3)-b-glucans. Interestingly, a cold alkaline extract from premixed dried powder of the mushrooms showed a higher level of (1®3)-b-glucan following calculation as sonifilan than the theoretical total amount of each (1®3)-b-glucan extract from each constituent mushroom from which premixed dried powder was prepared. Considering the specificity of this enzyme immunoassay as previously reported, it is suggested that premixed extraction contains Conformationally stable (1®3)-b-glucans. Antitumor activity of these mushroom extracts was also tested using a murine experimental model. All of the extracts showed higher antitumor activity and the effectiveness on inhibition of tumor growth in sold form was almost equal. Activation of macrophages by co-cultivation with the various extracts was induced with the premixed extract significantly higher. Induction of interferon-y was also enhanced by administration of the premixed extract. The premix extract showed modulating effect on glucocorticoid release induced by restraint stress. These results suggest that the mixture of mushroom extracts may provide physicochemically stable (1®3)-b-glucans and physiologically active products. A complementary effect of each mushroom component on enhancing immunological function would be expected by the mixed extraction.font face=
A Phase I/II Study of a Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. Extract (Ganopofy) in Patients with Advanced Cancer
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10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v4.i3.30
Yihuai
Gao
Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University; Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand
Shufeng
Zhou
Division of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore; University of South Florida FL 33612, USA
Guoliang
Chen
Division of Traditional Chinese Medicine, New Zealand Institute of Natural Medicines, Auckland, New Zealand
Xihu
Dai
Department of Internal Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region of the Peoples' Liberation Army, Fuzhou, R.P. China
Jingxian
Ye
Department of Integrated Medicine. Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, R.P. China
In vitro and animal studies have established that the polysaccharide fractions of Ganoderma lucidum have potential antitumor activity and inhibitory effect on tumor metastasis. Ganopoly (crude polysaccharide fractions extracted from G. lucidum by patented technique, kindly provided by Encore International Ltd., Auckland, NZ) has demonstrated immunomodulating and tumor inhibitory effects in in vitro and mouse models. A clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ganopoly in patients with advanced cancer. One hundred and forty-three patients with advanced, previously treated cancer were enrolled. Eligibility criteria included confirmation of diagnosis, objectively measurable disease, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 2, life expectancy of 12 weeks or greater, no recent or concomitant anticancer therapy, and informed consent. Patients underwent evaluation of the extent of disease, quality of life, hematologic, biochemical, and selected immune function studies at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks of Ganopoly therapy. Standard criteria were used to evaluate adverse events and response. Ganopoly was given orally at 1800 mg three times daily. Twenty-seven patients were not assessable for response and toxicity because they were lost to follow-up or refused further therapy before 12 weeks of treatment. Of the 100 fully assessable patients, 46 patients (32.2%) had progressive disease (PD) before or at the 6-week evaluation point (range, 5 days—6 weeks). Sixteen patients (11.2%) developed PD between 6 and 12 weeks of therapy. No objective (partial or complete) responses were observed, but 38 of 143 patients (26.6%) had stable disease (SD) for 12 weeks or more (range, 12-50 weeks). There was no significant change in the FACT-G scores in 85 assessable patients. However, palliative effects on cancer-related symptoms, such as sweating and insomnia, have been observed in many patients. In the group of patients with SD, FACT-G scores improved in 23 patients, were unchanged in 5 patients, and declined in 1 patient. Within this group, the median change from the baseline score to the 6- and 12-week score was +7.6 and +10.3 score, both statistically significant (P Ganopoly significantly increased lymphocyte mitogenic reactivity to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin by 28 ± 7.3% (P ± 5.9% (P Ganopoly may have an adjunct role in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer, although objective responses were not observed in this study.
Hypoglycemic, Interferonogenous, and Immunomodulatory Activity of Tremellastin from the Submerged Culture of Tremella mesenterica Retz.: Fr. (Heterobasidiomycetes)
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10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v4.i3.40
Solomon P.
Wasser
International Centre for Biotechnology and Biodiversity of Fungi,
Institute of Evolution and Faculty of Natural Sciences,
University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
Vladimir I.
Elisashvili
The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
Kok- Kheng
Tan
MycoBiotech Pte Ltd 12 Science Park Drive # 04-01 The Mendel- Singapore Science Park 1 118 225, Singapore
Tremellastin, containing 40-45% acidic polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan, was obtained by alcohol precipitation of culture broth after submerged cultivation of a yeastlike budding haploid strain of Tremella mesenterica. Tremellastin at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 500 tng/kg by P.O. administration during 15 consecutive days did not demonstrate hypoglycemic effects on the basis of the two selected experimental models of glucose-loading and STZ-induced hyperglycemia. However, the findings show a statistically significant and dose-dependent reduction of intrinsic blood glucose levels after 15 treatment days, as well as significantly decreased triglyceride levels in the glucose-loading-assigned Tremellastin-treatment groups. It was shown that the Tremellastin preparation appeared to be an active interferonogen at the concentration 10 mg/animal. At the same concentration this compound was the most efficient activator of oxygen-dependent biocide activity of macrophages. The activation of the oxygen-dependent macrophage biocide activity was associated with the induction of endogenous interferon by Tremellastin.
The Influence of Selected Higher Basidiomycetes on the Binding of Lipopolysaccharide to CD14+ Cells and on the Release of Cytokines
7
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v4.i3.50
Jacqueline
Koch
Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, F.-L.-Jahn-Str. 17a, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
Sabine
Witt
Biometec GmbH, W.-Rathenau-Str. 49a; D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
Ulrike
Lindequist
Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn Str. 17, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
135 extracts of 22 species of Higher Basidiomycetes were screened for their ability to inhibit binding of FITC-labeled endotoxin (LPS) to CD14+ cells and to influence LPS-induced release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a), regulatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-g), and the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Prescreening studies examined cytotoxic effects and LPS content of the extracts. The dichlormethane, ethanolic, and aqueous extracts of fruiting bodies of the following species were shown to be active in at least one of the test systems: Daedalea quercina, Ganoderma pfeifferi, Heterobasidion annosum, Lacfarius vellereus, Laetiporus sulphurous, Phaeolus schweinizii, Piptoporus betulmus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus badius, Sparassis crispa, Thelephora terrestris, Trametes versicolor, and Tricholomopsis rutilans. Extracts of the following fungi were not active in the test systems used: A. campestris, Agaricus vaporarius, Ganoderma lipsiense, G. lucidum, Hapalopilus nidulans, Hericium erinaceus, Inonotus obliquus, Kuehneromyces mutabilis, and Meripilus giganteus.
Quantitative Method Measurement of Flammulin Concentration with Immunoassay
4
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v4.i3.60
Hua
Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
Youchun
Zhao
State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
Hanxing
Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
Yongjun
Feng
State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
Changkai
Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
Flammulin purified from the aqueous extract of basidiomes of edible and medicinal mushroom Flammulina velutipes was completely emulsified with Freund adjuvant, then injected into New Zealand white rabbits. After several immunity enhancements, these animals were bled and serum was separated. Double diffusion showed that the antiserum could react with flammulin and form the precipitate cycle in agarose gel with valence of 1:16. According to the result of simple agar diffusion of flammulin with serum on agarose gel plate, a group of standard curves, fitting the reaction results of flammulin at different concentrations, were established, which can be used in the quantitative measurement of flammulin concentration.
Mycelial Growth of Edible and Medicinal Oyster Mushroom [Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kumm.] on Selenium-Enriched Media
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10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v4.i3.70
Mirjana
Stajic
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Ivanka
Milenkovic
Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac," Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Takovska 43, Yugoslavia
Ilija
Brceski
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Jelena
Vukojević
Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Sonja
Duletic-Lausevic
Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
The edible and medicinal oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kumm. is economically highly praised for its nutritional and pharmacological value. One of selenium's roles is as an antioxidant when it acts as a cellular protector against free-radical oxidative damage. The aim of our research was to investigate the influence of selenium added to media on the growth rate ofmycelia, and the ability ofmycelia to accumulate this microelement. Analyzed concentrations of selenium did not show a significant influence on the mycelial growth in comparison to the control. The results of selenium accumulation in mycelia have shown higher concentration in hyphae grown on enriched media.
Investigations at the Ukrainian Culture Collection of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms
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10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v4.i3.80
Nadezda Yu.
Mitropolskaya
M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tereschenkivska Str. 2, Kiev, 252601, Ukraine
Asja S.
Buchalo
M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tereshchenovskaya Str., 2, Kiev 01601, Ukraine
At the Culture Collection of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms of N. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kiev), over 200 species from about 100 genera (about 800 strains) are represented. Among them are over 100 species which have medicinal properties (species of the genera Pleurotus, Lentinus, Flammulina, Ganoderma, Piptoporus, Coprinus, Marasmius, Psilocybe, Schzzophyllum, Trametes, Hericium, Omphalotus, Lepista, Stereum, Phellinus, Grifota, Lycoperdon, Phallus, Cyathus, Morchella, Tyromyces, etc.). For the correct identification of the taxonomic position of cultures, a complex of morphological and physiological criteria are proposed: presence and morphology of teleomorph stage; color, morphology, and growth rate of mycelial colony; type of anamorph; presence, dislocation, and morphology of clamp connections; special hyphal structures; character of enzymatic tests; and temperature interval of mycelial growth. Using scanning electron microscopy, new data were obtained on microstructures of vegetative mycelium in more than 100 species. Growth and morphogenesis of the wide range of species have been investigated under submerged cultivation. It has been proved that basic changes in morphology of vegetative mycelium do not take place in submerged culture. Strains of medicinal mushrooms promising for biotechnological application were selected, and obtaining dietary supplements from Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged culture was proposed.
Use of Edible and Medicinal Oyster Mushroom [Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) Kumm.] Spent Compost in Remediation of Chemically Polluted Soils
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10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v4.i3.90
Trine
Eggen
Center of Soil and Environmental Research, Fredrik A. Dahls vei 20, N-1432 s, Norway
Vaclav
Sasek
Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Vysocanska 548, 190 00 Prague 9, Czech Republic
Spent mushroom substrate represents an environmental problem owing to its bulk volume as a waste material. Reclamation of contaminated soils is one potential use of spent mushroom substrate. The present study describes the capacity of spent substrate from commercial oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) production to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from weathered creosote in a highly contaminated (PAH sum 6473 mg/kg) soil of a former abandoned wood preservation site. Addition of the spent fungal compost resulted in a reduction of 3-ring compounds, from 50% (acenaphthene, anthracene) to 87% (phenanthrene, fluorene) after a 12-week treatment period. The reduction increased to 87% (anthracene) and 97−99% (fluorene, phenanthrene, acenaphthene) after additional reinoculation with spent fungal substrate and another 3-week incubation period. The effect on 4-ring compounds was much less pronounced, and reduction was measured only for fluoranthene and pyrene, with 43% and 34% decrease, respectively, after 12 weeks of the fungal treatment. Again, reinoculation had a positive effect and increased reduction to 59% and 51%, respectively. These results demonstrate the PAH-removal capacity of spent oyster mushroom substrate in highly contaminated soil.
The International Conference on "Perspectives of Medicinal Mushrooms in Health Care and Nutrition in the 21st Century"
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10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v4.i3.100
Elvira F.
Solomko
M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Tereshchenkivska Str. 2, GSP, 01601, Ukraine