Begell House Inc.
Critical Reviews™ in Biomedical Engineering
CRB
0278-940X
47
4
2019
The Concepts and Applications of Fractional Order Differential Calculus in Modeling of Viscoelastic Systems: A Primer
249-276
10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2018028368
Mohammad Amirian
Matlob
Biomathematics Laboratory, Department of Applied Mathematics, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
Yousef
Jamali
Biomathematics Laboratory, Department of Applied Mathematics, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran; Computational Physical Sciences Research Laboratory, School of Nano-Science, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
viscoelasticity
fractional calculus
mechanical properties
cell biomechanics
fractional modeling
fractal system
Viscoelasticity and other related phenomena are of great importance in the study of mechanical properties of materials, especially biological materials. Certain materials demonstrate some complicated behavior under mechanical tests that cannot be described by a standard linear equation (SLE), mostly due to the shape memory effect during the deformation phase. Recently, researchers have been making use of fractional calculus (FC) in order to probe viscoelasticity of such materials accurately. FC is a powerful tool for modeling complicated phenomena. In this tutorial paper, it is sought to provide clear descriptions of this powerful tool and its techniques and implementation. It is endeavored to keep the details to a minimum while still conveying a good idea of what and how can be done with this powerful tool. The reader will be provided with the basic techniques that are used to solve the fractional equations analytically and/or numerically. More specifically, simulating the shape memory phenomena with this powerful tool will be studied from different perspectives, and some physical interpretations are made in this regard. This paper is also a review of fractional order models of viscoelastic phenomena that are widespread in bioengineering. Thus, in order to show the relationship between fractional models and SLEs, a new fractal system comprising spring and damper elements is considered and the constitutive equation is approximated with a fractional element. Finally, after a brief literature review, two fractional models are utilized to investigate the viscoelasticity of the cell and a comparison is made between the findings and the experimental data from the previous models. Verification results indicate that the fractional model not only matches well with the experimental data but also can be a good substitute for previously used models.
Computational Methods for Skeletal Muscle Strain Injury: A Review
277-294
10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2019029194
Yujiang
Xiang
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
Asif
Arefeen
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078
muscle injury
muscle strain injury
constitutive modeling
strain injury prevention
strain injury rehabilitation
strain injury prediction
computational method
In this article, we review skeletal muscle strain injury with computational methods for strain injury analysis, prevention, and recovery. We first review the theory of muscle strain injury at both the microscopic and macroscopic levels. Next, we discuss simulation models, including kinematics, dynamics, and finite-element method. Finally, we introduce predictive approaches for muscle strain injury prevention. Topics including recovery, rehabilitation, muscle-tendon remodeling, and experimental methods are described. We also suggest areas for future research.
In Vitro Experimental Studies and Numerical Modeling to Investigate the Biomechanical Effects of Surgical Interventions on the Spine
295-322
10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2019029498
Maria Luisa
Ruspi
Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, Alma Mater Studiorum–Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Mohammadreza
Chehrassan
First Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
Cesare
Faldini
First Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
Luca
Cristofolini
Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, Alma Mater Studiorum–Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
spine
anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament
interspinous ligament
supraspinous
ligament
facets
lamina
laminectomy
laminotomy
facetectomy
This paper offers a comprehensive systematic review of biomechanical research on the spine and on
in vitro and numerical methods of investigation. This review focuses on interventions on the ligaments, on the facets, and on the lamina (facetectomies, laminectomies, and laminoplasties). Surgical interventions on the facets and lamina in some cases yield dissatisfactory clinical follow-up. Patient outcome is strongly related to the effects that such interventions have on the biomechanical functionality of the spine. The papers examined include those addressing the untreated spine (range of motion and stiffness), but the focus is on experimental and numerical investigations studying the role of the ligaments and of the posterior structures (including their role in granting spine stability and the biomechanical behavior of each ligament). The papers were classified based on the different investigation approaches. In vitro experiments exploit dedicated biomechanical spine testers to measure the mechanical properties of physical specimens. Numerical modeling (multibody dynamics, finite-element analysis) allows predicting the effect of different conditions. All the papers indicate that interventions on the ligaments, facets, and lamina increase range of motion and decrease stability. The quantitative results show great variability across studies. This review shows how it is possible to use in vitro and numerical methods to investigate the biomechanical effects of surgical interventions.
Scoping Review of the Potential Health Effects of Exposure to Extremely Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields
323-347
10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2019030211
Mara
Habash
Department of Public Health Sciences, 62 Fifth Field Company Lane, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
Priyanka
Gogna
Department of Public Health Sciences, 62 Fifth Field Company Lane, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
Daniel
Krewski
McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Riadh W. Y.
Habash
McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health/School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 800 King Edward Avenue, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields
health impacts
scoping review
Previous studies suggest that extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) may impact human health. However, epidemiologic studies have provided inconsistent results on the association between exposure to ELF EMFs and various health outcomes. This scoping review reports on primary investigations that were published during the ten-year period of 2007−2017 on the association between ELF EMFs and cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), reproductive health effects, and neurodegenerative diseases. We identified a total of 361 articles from two bibliographic databases (PubMed and EMBASE). Of these, 39 articles (19 cancer studies, two CVD studies, nine reproductive health studies, and ten neurodegenerative disease studies [with one repeated for two outcomes]) met inclusion criteria. Articles identified in this study focus on three different types of exposure: occupational (22 studies), residential (15 studies), and electric blanket (two studies). This review suggests that ELF EMFs may be associated with neurodegenerative diseases, specifically Alzheimer's disease; however, limited evidence was found to suggest that ELF EMFs are associated with several types of cancer, CVD, and reproductive outcomes. Additional epidemiological studies in large study populations with improved exposure assessments are needed to clarify current inconclusive relationships.
Rapid Prototyping of Two-Dimensional Non-Cartesian K-Space Trajectories (ROCKET) Using Pulseq and Graphical Programming Interface
349-363
10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2019029380
Pavan
Poojar
Medical Imaging Research Centre, Dayananda Sagar Institutions, Bangalore, India
Sairam
Geethanath
Medical Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Department of Medical Electronics, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India; Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
Ashok Kumar
Reddy
GE Healthcare, Bangalore, India
Ramesh
Venkatesan
GE Healthcare, Bangalore, India
pulse sequence development and prototyping
Pulseq
graphical programming interface
rapid prototyping
open-source tools
k-space trajectories
golden angle
Magnetic resonance imaging is a well-established method for diagnostics and/or prognostics of various
pathological conditions. Cartesian k-space trajectory–based acquisition is the popular choice in clinical magnetic resonance imaging, owing to its simple acquisition, reconstruction schemes, and well-understood artifacts. However, non-Cartesian trajectories are relatively more time efficient, with involved methods for image reconstruction. In this review,
we survey non-Cartesian trajectories from the standpoint of rapid prototyping and/or implementation. We provide examples of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D non-Cartesian k-space trajectories with analytical equations, merits, limitations,
and applications. We also demonstrate implementation of three variants of the 2D radial and spiral trajectories (standard, golden angle, and tiny golden angle), using open-source software. For rapid prototyping, pulse sequences were designed with the help of Pulseq. In-vitro phantom and in-vivo brain data were acquired with three variants of radial and spiral trajectories. The obtained raw data were reconstructed using a graphical programming interface. The signal-to-noise ratios of each of these reconstructions were quantified and assessed.
Index, Volume 47, 2019
365-368
10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.v47.i4.60