Begell House Inc.
Critical Reviews™ in Immunology
CRI
1040-8401
35
2
2015
CD5 as a Target for Immune-Based Therapies
85-115
10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2015013532
Marta
Consuegra-Fernandez
Group of Immune Receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
Fernando
Aranda
Group of Immune Receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
Ines
Simoes
Group of Immune Receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
Marc
Orta
Group of Immune Receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
Adelaida
Sarukhan
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
Francisco
Lozano
Group of Immune Receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, IDIBAPS; Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociencies, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona; Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
scavenger receptor
CD5
autoimmunity
cancer
infection
immunotherapy
CD5 was one of the first surface receptors described for mouse and human T lymphocytes. Since
then, it has been found to be highly expressed by regulatory T cells and a subpopulation of regulatory B cells, to
be physically associated with the T- and B-cell antigen receptors, to negatively modulate TCR- and BCR-mediated
signals, and to bind certain pathogen-associated molecular patterns. These findings position CD5 as an attractive
target for developing immunotherapies aimed at either boosting or dampening ongoing immune responses. Here
the available data on the function of CD5 and its involvement in the regulation of immune responses in health and
disease are reviewed, as well as the evidence for and future challenges in developing therapeutic strategies aimed
at targeting CD5 for autoimmune diseases, cancer, and infections.
The Link between Psychological Stress and Autoimmune Response in Children
117-134
10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2015013255
Maria
Faresjo
Jönköping University, School of Health Sciences, Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine, S-551 11 Jönköping, Sweden, and Medical Diagnostics, Ryhov County Hospital, S-551 85 Jönköping, Sweden
psychological stress
psychoneuroimmunology
immunology
autoimmune disease
autoimmune response
children
Stress is defined as a state of threatened homeostasis or disharmony that is counteracted by a complex
repertoire of physiological and behavioral adaptive responses in order to establish homeostasis. Confronted with a
stressful condition, the nervous and immune systems initiate a coping process to maintain homeostasis in the body.
Psychological stress, recognized as a public health issue in children and young adults, may be one mechanism to
induce and maintain autoimmunity in children. It is necessary to increase our understanding of how psychological
stress can affect the immune system at a young age because autoimmune diseases, especially type 1 diabetes, are
alarmingly common in children. Psychological stress may be involved in other autoimmune diseases, such as celiac
disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, that frequently occur in children as well.
This review summarizes the studies attempting to evaluate the link between psychological stress and autoimmune
response in children. A number of them have observed that the autoimmune disease itself causes psychological
stress. We are far from fully understanding how long-term psychological stress is linked to autoimmune response
in children with a high risk of, or already diagnosed, autoimmune disease.
Mechanisms of Cholera Toxin in the Modulation of TH17 Responses
135-152
10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2015012295
Hsing-Chuan
Tsai
Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Reen
Wu
Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, USA
Interleukin-17
dendritic cells
T-cell differentiation
and infection
Numerous studies have shown that TH17 cells and their signature cytokine IL-17A are critical to host defense against various bacterial and fungal infections. The protective responses mediated by TH17 cells and IL-17A include the recruitment of neutrophils, release of antimicrobial peptides and chemokines, and enhanced tight junction of epithelial cells. Due to the importance of TH17 cells in infections, efforts have been made to develop TH17-based vaccines. The goal of vaccination is to establish a protective immunological memory. Most currently approved vaccines are antibody-based and have limited protection against stereotypically different strains. Studies show that T-cell-based vaccines may overcome this limitation and protect hosts against infection of different strains.
Two main strategies are used to develop TH17 vaccines: identification of TH17-specific antigens and TH17-skewing adjuvants. Studies have revealed that cholera toxin (CT) induces a potent Th17 response following vaccination. Antigen vaccination along with CT induces a robust TH17 response, which is sometimes accompanied by TH1 responses. Due to the toxicity of CT, it is hard to apply CT in a clinical setting. Thus, understanding how CT modulates TH17 responses may lead to the development of successful TH17-based vaccines.
CD8+ T Cell−Independent Immune-Mediated Mechanisms of Anti-Tumor Activity
153-172
10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2015013607
G Elizabeth
Pluhar
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. 55108
Christopher A.
Pennell
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 55445
Michael R.
Olin
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55445
Immunotherapy
cytotoxicity
glioblastoma
Despite the growing number of preclinical and clinical trials focused on immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant gliomas, the prognosis for this disease remains grim. Cancer immunotherapy seeks to recruit an effective immune response to eliminate tumor cells. To date, cancer vaccines have shown only limited effectiveness because of our incomplete understanding of the necessary effector cells and mechanisms that yield efficient tumor clearance. CD8+ T cell cytotoxic activity has long been proposed as the primary effector function necessary for tumor regression. However, there is increasing evidence that indicates that components of the immune system other than CD8+ T cells play important roles in tumor eradication and control. The following review should provide an understanding of the mechanisms involved in an effective antitumor response to guide future therapeutic designs. The information provided suggests an alternate means of effective tumor clearance in malignant glioma to the canonical CD8+ cytotoxic T cell mechanism.