Begell House Inc.
Catalysis in Green Chemistry and Engineering
CGCE
2572-9896
2
2
2019
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY UTILIZATION OF SPENT FCC CATALYST: AN EFFICIENT SOLID ACID CATALYST FOR FRIEDEL-CRAFTS ALKYLATION REACTION
91-97
10.1615/CatalGreenChemEng.2020032618
Yogesh
Niwate
Reliance Industries Ltd., Thane-Belapur Road, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701,Maharashtra,
India
Gauri
Malankar
Reliance Industries Ltd, Thane-Belapur Road, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, Maharashtra,
India
Swapnil
Ghangale
Reliance Industries Ltd, Thane-Belapur Road, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, Maharashtra,
India
Sharad
Lande
Chemical Synthesis and Catalysis Group, Reliance Research and Development Center, Reliance
Industries Limited, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
Kalpana
G.
Reliance Industries Ltd, Thane-Belapur Road, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, Maharashtra,
India
Raksh Vir
Jasra
R&D Centre, Vadodara Manufacturing Division, Reliance Industries Ltd, Thane-Belapur Road, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, Maharashtra,
India
spent FCC catalyst
alkylation reaction
heterogeneous catalyst
zeolite
environmentally friendly
Spent fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst discarded from petroleum refineries in large volume is composed mainly of thermally stable aluminosilicates and various metal oxides. Utilization of this catalyst for other industrial applications provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way of recycling this solid waste, significantly reducing its environmental effects. Friedel−Crafts alkylation, usually catalyzed by Lewis acids in the liquid phase, constitutes a very important class of reactions commonly used in fine chemicals, intermediates, and petrochemical industries. These reactions were traditionally performed in liquid phase using homogeneous acid catalysts like AlCl3, HF, BF3, or H2SO4. The new environmental legislation pushes for the replacement of all liquid acids by solid acid catalysts that are environmentally benign and that lead to minimal pollution and waste. In the present study we have made an attempt to convert spent FCC catalyst into zeolite X, which is further modified as a Fe-supported catalyst for benzylation of various aromatic substrates such as xylene and toluene. The said catalyst was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, surface area and acidity measurement, and morphology study. Furthermore, the catalyst could be easily recovered from the reaction mixture and recycled without any significant loss in activity and leaching of the Fe metal. This solid acid catalyst can be used as a potential catalyst for alkylation applications.
SYNTHESIS AND REACTION KINETICS STUDY OF TRI PHENYL PHOSPHITE
99-106
10.1615/CatalGreenChemEng.2020032790
Satish M.
Mane
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Road,
Matunga (E), Mumbai – 400 019, India
M. Praharaj
Bhatnagar
Department of Polymer & Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal
Parekh Road, Matunga (E), Mumbai – 400 019, India
M. R.
Sawant
Department of Polymer & Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal
Parekh Road, Matunga (E), Mumbai – 400 019, India
B. N.
Thorat
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Road,
Matunga (E), Mumbai – 400 019, India
esterification kinetics
triphenyl phosphite
nitrogen sparging
first-order reaction
This paper discusses the kinetics of synthesis of tri phenyl phosphate (TPP), i.e., an esterification reaction between phenol and phosphorous trichloride. The kinetics of the reaction have been found to proceed as a first-order reaction and a model has been developed to study the effect of TPP reaction temperature, mole ratio of reactants on yield of TPP. The role of nitrogen sparging on the yield of TPP has been studied. Nitrogen sparging has been found to help in removal of liberated HCl vapors, thereby shifting the equilibrium and enhancing the rate of reaction.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF PROSPECTIVE MICROALGAE FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION
107-120
10.1615/CatalGreenChemEng.2020033251
Ibifubara
Humphrey
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka,
Lagos, Nigeria
Nsikan I.
Obot
Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
Abdulahi N.
Njah
Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
Michael A. C.
Chendo
Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
microalgae
bioactive compounds
percentage composition
biofuels
Lipids from algae have numerous uses in the medical, food, and energy industries, especially as potential alternatives for fuel applications. In this study, three algae species of Chlorella, Oedogonium, and Tetradesmus were cultured and their bioactive compounds were identified. Each growth rate was distinctive and independent of the other. Compounds such as alkanoic acids, esters, alkanols, amines, amide, phenol, nitrogen-containing (azoxy) compounds, and saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons were identified with varying composition, quality, and retention time. While 16 volatile compounds were identified in Chlorella sp., only 12 compounds were obtained in each of the Oedogonium and Tetradesmus species. Though the identified compounds in each of the algae were unique, hydrocarbons in saturated and unsaturated forms were predominant. In the Tetradesmus sp., both the unsaturated (62.91%) and saturated (6.08%) hydrocarbons added up to 68.99%, whereas other compounds such as esters (11.03%), alkanol (15.05%), amines (4.36%), and amides (0.56%) added up to 31.01%. While in the Chlorella sp., the unsaturated (84.8%) and saturated (0.38%) hydrocarbons added up to 85.18%, the other compounds−alkanoic acid (13.31%), alkanol (1.35%), thiol (0.08%), and azoxy (0.08%)−added up to 14.82%. Furthermore, in the Oedogonium sp., the hydrocarbons in both saturated (62.73%) and unsaturated (17.41%) forms gave a total of 80.14%, though the alkanoic acid (13.26%) and phenol (6.6%) added up to 19.86%. The predominance of hydrocarbons makes the algae species a highly suitable feedstock for biofuel production. For the first time, this study has shown that Tetradesmus sp. contains esters, amines, and amides which are suitable for drugs, cosmetics, and other applications.
PRODUCTION OF p-CYMENE BY ALKYLATION OF TOLUENE WITH PROPAN-2-OL
121-131
10.1615/CatalGreenChemEng.2020032990
Snehal R.
Gajbhiye
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019,
India
Gunjan P.
Deshmukh
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019,
India
Ajayan
Vinu
Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), School of Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW
2308, Australia
Lakshmi Kantam
Mannepalli
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019,
India
p-cymene
toluene
alkylation
ZSM-5
In this study, a series of phosphorous-modified zeolite catalysts − 0.7% P-ZSM-5, 3% P-ZSM-5, and 5% P-ZSM-5 − were prepared by wet impregnation followed by calcination. The prepared catalysts were utilized for the synthesis of p-cymene via alkylation of toluene with propan-2-ol in a fixed bed reactor. Among them, unmodified ZSM-5 was found to be the best catalyst with 53% conversion and 78% selectivity at 523 K. All the catalysts were analyzed by different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm analysis, and surface area. The effect of various parameters such as catalyst loading, temperature, catalyst quantity, feed rate, and the mole ratio of reactants were studied to achieve the highest conversion and selectivity for the desired product.
EXPLORING THE CATALYTIC POTENTIALS OF SUPPORTED MOLTEN SALTS TOWARD TRANSESTERIFICATION OF WASTE COOKING OIL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL
133-141
10.1615/CatalGreenChemEng.2020031663
Preeti A.
Tomar
JSPM's Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering, Tathawade, Pune-411027, India
S. M.
Yadav
JSPM's Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering, Tathawade, Pune-411027, India
A. A.
Jahagirdar
JSPM's Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering, Tathawade, Pune-411027, India
Gaurav R.
Gupta
Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga-400019, India
biodiesel blend
kinematic viscosity
density
flash point
specific heat capacity
Biodiesel derived from vegetable oils or animal fats are prominent candidates as one of the green constituents (blend) to diesel fuels. Herein we report an efficient and sustainable methodology in which silica-supported molten salt (SMS) tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate was used as a catalyst for the process of transesterification between waste sunflower oil and an alcohol to give high-quality biodiesel as product. Furthermore, the resulting biodiesel and its blend (B5) was characterized by utilizing thermal methods like thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry along with other standard physicochemical processes of characterization. For an efficient utilization of blend (B5) as fuel, the thermogram obtained was used to calculate the specific heat capacity behavior as a function of temperature. In addition, the present protocol directs an extraordinary route to construct materials with unique surface properties, as the transfer of specific properties from the molten salt framework to silica gel surface may accomplish a "designer surface" with properties having a potential to alter the method of organic transformations.
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE OF ZSM-5 ZEOLITE ON CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE
143-153
10.1615/CatalGreenChemEng.2020033159
Jakkidi Krishna
Reddy
Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Ltd., Vadodoara Manufacturing Division,
Vadodara, Gujarat 391346, India
Kshudiram
Mantri
Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Ltd., Vadodoara Manufacturing Division,
Vadodara, Gujarat 391346, India
Ganesan
Raman
Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Ltd., Vadodoara Manufacturing Division,
Vadodara, Gujarat 391346, India
Shruti
Lad
Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Ltd., Vadodoara Manufacturing Division,
Vadodara, Gujarat 391346, India
Rudra Prosad
Choudhury
Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Ltd., Vadodoara Manufacturing Division,
Vadodara, Gujarat 391346, India
Raksh Vir
Jasra
Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Industries Limited, Vadodara
Manufacturing Division, P.O. Petrochemicals, Vadodara, Gujarat 391346, India
small-particle ZSM-5
synthesis parameters
gel composition
olefin removal activity
The effect of various synthesis parameters on the particle size of ZSM-5 and its effect on catalytic performance in olefin removal from aromatic streams were investigated. H-ZSM-5 samples with particle size ranging from 50 to 2500 nm were synthesized by varying the structure-directing agents, silica-alumina sources with varied crystallization parameters. Physicochemical properties of the prepared samples were elucidated by characterization techniques such as x-ray diffraction, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, pore-size distribution, scanning electron microscopy, NH3 temperature-programmed desorption, and inductively coupled plasma analysis. Prepared catalyts were tested for olefin removal from aromatic streams. Small-particle-sized ZSM-5 catalysts were observed with high activity and slow deactivation compared to those of large-particle-sized ZSM-5. High activity and stability of small-particle-sized ZSM-5 is attributed to shortened channel lengths, high surface area, mesoporosity, and exposure of more active sites to the substrate molecules. A detailed study on the structure activity correlation ship is established in the present investigation.
OPTIMIZATION OF REACTION PARAMETERS IN METHANOL-TO-OLEFINS REACTION THROUGH DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
155-170
10.1615/CatalGreenChemEng.2020033435
Satish
Shewale
Tridiagonal Solutions Pvt Ltd
Mandan
Chidambaram
Reliance Research and Development Centre, Vadodara Manufacturing Division, Reliance
Industries Ltd., Vadodara, 391346, Gujarat, India
Jagannath
Das
Reliance Research and Development Centre, Vadodara Manufacturing Division, Reliance
Industries Ltd., Vadodara, 391346, Gujarat, India
Unnikrishnan
Sridharan
Reliance Research and Development Centre, Reliance Industries Ltd., Reliance Corporate Park,
Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
Nagesh
Sharma
Reliance Research and Development Centre, Vadodara Manufacturing Division, Reliance
Industries Ltd., Vadodara, 391346, Gujarat, India
Raksh Vir
Jasra
Reliance Technology Group, Vadodara Manufacturing Division, Reliance Industries Ltd.,
Vadodara, Gujarat 391346, India
methanol
dimethyl ether
olefins
SAPO-34
design of experiments
Methanol-to-olefins (MTO) reaction is important in establishing the use of fossil fuels, natural gas, and coal for production of petrochemicals. MTO reaction catalyzed by SAPO-34 was studied using design of experiments. Box-Behnken design was used for studying the effect of independent variables such as reaction temperature, methanol weight hourly space velocity (WHSV), and water content in feed and optimization. All independent variables show a significant effect on response variables such as catalyst life, % selectivity of olefins C2= and C3=, and C2=/C3= ratio. These observations were interpreted using main and interaction effect plots. Optimum temperature is around 450°C, at which catalyst life is high with moderate selectivity of C2= and C3=, and C2=/C3= ratio. At other temperatures, catalyst life is low. With an increase in temperature, selectivity of C2= and C3=, and C2=/C3= ratio increases. Water content was observed to play important role in enhancing catalyst life at higher reaction temperature. With an increase in WHSV, all response variables decreased. Regression was done for all response variables and statistically analyzed. Proposed correlations represent the experimental data adequately for all response variables. Optimum methanol WHSV, reaction temperature, and water in feed were observed to be 0.25 h-1, 468°C, and 18 wt%, respectively, to have maximum catalyst life and selectivity of olefins. Experimental results show that independent variables can be tuned to have the desired selectivity of olefins and C2=/C3= ratio.
Index, Volume 2, 2019
171-174
10.1615/CatalGreenChemEng.v2.i2.80