Begell House Inc.
Critical Reviews™ in Eukaryotic Gene Expression
CRE
1045-4403
29
2
2019
Mechanisms of Probiotic Action in the Honeybee
95-103
10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2019025358
Maryam
Royan
North Region Branch, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran
honeybee
probiotic
immune system
gene expression
As the beekeeping industry develops, increases in honey yield is dependent on colony health. The honeybee gut bacteria originate from their natural habitat and food, nectar, pollen, and water intake. Extensive studies have been carried out to determine specific suitable probiotic bacteria for honeybees. The main goal of this research is to control diseases, not increase honey production; however, a healthier colony will certainly produce more honey. It has been shown that lactic acid bacteria isolated from honeybees has beneficial effects on bee health and reduces the prevalence of pathogens. Adding a mixture of Lactobacillus to the feed of larvae leads to a reduction in infection. Knowledge of molecular mechanisms of probiotics in protecting honeybee colonies against pathogens is important.
The Molecular Mechanism of EPO Regulates the Angiogenesis after Cerebral Ischemia through AMPK-KLF2 Signaling Pathway
105-112
10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2019029018
Guang-Hui
Chen
Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China; Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
Xiao-Li
Li
Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
Yan-Qing
Deng
Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
Fa-Ming
Zhou
Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
Wen-Qin
Zou
Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
Wen-Xin
Jiang
Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
Shou-Qin
Shangguan
Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei Province, China
Zu-Neng
Lu
Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
EPO
AMPK
KLF-2
angiogenesis
Objective: In this study, the molecular mechanism by which EPO regulates the angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia through AMPK-KLF2 signaling pathway was investigated. Methods: Sixty healthy, male, C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups of 20 mice: a sham group, the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) group, and a MCAO+EPO treatment group. The MCAO model was established using a modified ZeaLonga method. Mice in the EPO treatment group were injected with EPO immediately after reperfusion (5000 IU/kg), and EPO was injected the following day. The number of mouse deaths and neurologic function scores were recorded during the experiment. On day 7 after cerebral ischemia, brain tissue proteins were extracted. The following proteins expressions were detected by western blot assay: EPO, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGE), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (KDR), adenosine activated protein kinase (AMPK), and alpha HIF-1α alpha (HIF-1α), KLF2 and nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Results: Compared with the MCAO group, the survival rate of mice in the EPO group was significantly improved and neurological function was significantly improved (P < 0.01). Western blot results showed that the content of EPO in brain tissue in MCAO group significantly increased compared with sham group. The content of EPO in the brain tissue of mice in the MCAO+EPO treatment group was significantly higher than in that of the MCAO group, which indicates that EPO increased the content of EPO in mouse brain tissue. Compared with the sham group, the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGE) and its receptor (KDR) in brain tissue of the MCAO group significantly decreased. However, the protein expression of VEGE and its receptor KDR in brain tissue of rats treated with MCAO+EPO was significantly higher than in that of the MCAO group. Thus, in this study, EPO was associated with vascular endothelial differentiation after cerebral ischemia in mice. The results of AMPK and KLF2 showed that the expression levels of AMPK and KLF2 in brain tissues of MCAO group mice significantly decreased compared with the sham group. However, the expression levels of AMPK and KLF2 in brain tissues of mice treated with MCAO+EPO were significantly higher than those in the MCAO group. Thus, EPO can activate AMPK and upregulate the expression of the transcription factor KLF2. The protein expression of HIF-1α in the brain tissue of mice in the MCAO group significantly increased compared with the sham group. However, the expression of HIF-1α in mice brain tissues in the MCAO+EPO treatment group was significantly lower than in that of the MCAO group, indicating that EPO was involved in regulating HIF-1α expression. The eNOS results showed that, compared with Sham group, the protein expression of eNOS in brain tissue of MCAO group mice significantly decreased. In the MCAO+EPO treatment group, the protein expression of eNOS was significantly higher in the brain tissue of the mice than in that of the MCAO group, indicating that EPO was involved in the synthesis of NO and promoted the angiogenesis. Conclusion: EPO promotes VEGE and its receptor (KDR) expression and participates in the regulation of HIF-1α and eNOS protein expression through the activation of AMPK-KLF2 signaling pathways to promote new vascular development after cerebral ischemia.
Dysregulated Expression of Long Noncoding RNAs in Endometriosis
113-121
10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2019026460
Xue-ying
Zhang
Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
Lian-wen
Zheng
Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
Chun-jin
Li
College of Animal Sciences, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
Ying
Xu
Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
Xu
Zhou
College of Animal Sciences, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
Lu-lu
Fu
Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
Dan-dan
Li
Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
Li-ting
Sun
College of Animal Sciences, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
Di
Zhang
Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
Man-hua
Cui
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China
endometriosis
diagnosis
lncRNA
biomarker
gene expression
Endometriosis is a common debilitating gynecologic disease. Almost 10% of reproductive-age women are affected by this disease; they commonly suffer pelvic pain and/or infertility. Early diagnosis of this multifactorial
disease remains difficult because its etiology is not clear and the early symptoms are nonspecific. In addition, many reproductive-age women are unwilling to undergo invasive laparoscopic surgery because of the possibility of decreasing fertility. Thus, identifying biomarkers for the early diagnosis of endometriosis a key focus of current research. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of noncoding transcripts that have length of > 200 nucleotides and lack protein-coding ability but still influence gene expression in various ways. With advances in genome-wide analysis, researchers have determined that lncRNAs play an important role in many human diseases, particularly tumors. Moreover, the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of endometriosis has been continually recognized. In this review, we discuss the status of current research on dysregulated lncRNAs and their roles in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. We aim to stimulate new investigations toward the identification of lncRNAs as biomarkers for the early diagnosis and therapy of this long-term gynecological disease.
Antioxidant Enzymes Expression of the Impaired Contralateral Testes in Unilaterally Cryptorchid Rats
123-126
10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2019028155
Bao-Ping
Zhu
Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Liang
Cai
Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
antioxidant enzymes
mRNA
gene expression
cryptorchid
germ-cell apoptosis
Objective: In this study, explored the pathologic mechanism of the contralateral testes impairment in unilaterally cryptorchid rats by investigating the gene expression level. Methods: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and evenly divided into two groups: cryptorchid group and control group. Cryptorchidism was induced by surgical relocation. RT-PCR was then applied to examine the mRNA expression level of antioxidant enzymes in descended testes, including glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), and catalase (CAT). The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined by spectrophotometry. In addition, germ-cell apoptosis was detected by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Results: Two weeks after the operation, the mRNA expression levels of GSH-PX and Cu/Zn-SOD in the cryptorchid group were significantly downregulated; the expression of MDA, as well as the number of apoptotic germ cells, significantly increased compared to the control group (p < 0.01). The mRNA expression of CAT did not show significant changes (p > 0.05). Conclusion: GSH-PX and SOD were downregulated in the testis contralateral to the undescended testis, leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and germ-cell apoptosis. Our results may provide molecular explanations for the impairment of the descended testis in unilateral cryptorchidism.
MicroRNAs as Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer
127-139
10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2019025273
Arad Mobasher
Aghdam
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Atefeh
Amiri
Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Reza
Salarinia
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
Aria
Masoudifar
Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
Faezeh
Ghasemi
Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran
Hamed
Mirzaei
Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
prostate cancer
microRNA
miRNA
prostate-specific antigen
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent nonskin cancer and a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is routinely used for screening and early detection of prostate cancer; however, it does not reduce death from prostate cancer. Moreover, PSA is not specific for prostate cancer and results in high false-positive rates, and it is poorly correlated with cancer stage. Therefore, the need for another diagnostic and prognostic factor in prostate cancer is apparent. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs which are involved in modulation of gene expression posttranscriptionally. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that miRNAs play key roles in various physiological events. Deregulation of miRNAs is related to initiation and development of various diseases such as prostate cancer. It has been shown that various miRNAs (miR-34, miR-21, miR-155, miR-221, miR-222, and let-7) exert their effects by targeting a variety of cellular and molecular pathways (c-Myc, EZH2, c-RSC, BCL2L2, E2F6, ZEB, HMGA251, and CCND2) involved in prostate cancer pathogenesis. Hence, it seems that miRNA expression profiles can be seen as potential candidates for prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of prostate cancer. Here, we summarize various miRNAs as prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers for prostate cancer therapy.
Prognostic Value of Ki-67/MIB-1 Expression in Meningioma Patients: A Meta-Analysis
141-150
10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2019025430
Junhong
Li
Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
Ruofei
Liang
Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
Chen
Song
Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
Yufan
Xiang
Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
Yanhui
Liu
Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, P.R. China
Ki-67/MIB-1
meningioma
prognosis
meta-analysis
Ki-67/MIB-1 is the most widely used immumohistochemical marker to measure cell proliferation in recent years, and its high expression is significantly related to high malignancy and short survival cycle. This meta-analysis was conducted to confirm the prognostic value of Ki-67/MIB-1 in meningioma patients. A comprehensive search was carried out of mainstream electronic databases including Pubmed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, and finally 10 studies containing 1,414 meningioma patients were included in the meta-analysis. The combined hazard ratio (HR) and its 95% confident intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the association between Ki-67/MIB-1 expression and survival. High expression of Ki-67/MIB-1 was found to be significantly associated with low RFS (HR 3.31, 95% CI 1.62–6.78, P = 0.001, random effect) and PFS(HR 3.14, 95% CI 1.64–6.00, P = 0.001, fixed effect). Subgroup analysis was conducted to explore the potential heterogeneity. Results of the meta-analysis indicated that high expression of Ki-67/MIB-1 may serve as a useful biomarker for poor prognosis in meningioma patients.
Function, Significance, and Regulation of Rap1b in Malignancy
151-160
10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2019025997
Lingmin
Zhang
Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
Manli
Cui
Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Shaanxi, China
Liping
Song
Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
Mingxin
Zhang
The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University
Jia
Zhang
Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Rap1b
function
significance
regulation
malignancy
Ras-associated protein 1(Rap1) is a member of the RAS family of small G proteins and regulates several signal pathways involved in carcinogenesis. Rap1 consists of two highly homologous isoforms, Rap1a and Rap1b. Increasing data suggest that the deregulated activation of Rap1b is involved in a spectrum of malignancies. Accumulating evidence also indicates effects of Rap1b on cell proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, and treatment resistance. Rap1b overexpresses in many tumors and has prognostic values, which are regulated by A2br, miRNAs, and other upstream effectors. This article aims to review research progress in function, significance, and regulation of Rap1b in malignancy.
Does Circular RNA Exert Significant Effects in Ovarian Cancer?
161-170
10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2019025941
Ying
Feng
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Qiushi
Wang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Can
Shi
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Huai'an 223300, Jiangsu, China
Chongdong
Liu
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Zhenyu
Zhang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
circular RNA
ciRS-7
SRY
miR-7
miR-138
ovarian cancer
Circular RNA, also called circRNA, is a type of widespread RNA that is mainly derived from the spliceosome, from which DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA). CircRNAs are characterized by the formation of a covalently closed continuous loop, and they play a variety of gene regulatory roles. CircRNAs were initially thought to represent splicing errors, but an increasing amount of evidence indicates that they may play significant
roles in a variety of human diseases, including cancers, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, and pre-eclampsia. Studies have suggested that circRNAs regulate miRNA activity that arises from miRNA-mediated sponge effects. It has been shown that CDR1as acts as a sponge for miR-7 and that a testis-specific circRNA within the sex-determining region of Y (SRY) acts as a sponge for miR-138. Because miR-7 and miR-138 modulate several oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, the interactions between ciRS-7 and miR-7 and between SRY and miR-138 may play important roles in cancer-related pathways. Hence, currently available data suggest that circRNAs may exert significant effects on diagnoses, prognoses, and therapies in ovarian cancer.
Association of LEPR Gln223Arg Polymorphism with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis
171-176
10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2019025748
mei
zhu
Anhui Agricultural University
Xue
Bai
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
OSAHS
LEPR gene
genetic variant
meta-analysis
Previous studies examining the association of leptin receptor (LEPR) Gln223Arg polymorphism with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) risk have yielded controversial outcomes. We aimed to clarify whether LEPR Gln223Arg polymorphism was critically involved in the development of OSAHS. We thoroughly searched PubMed as well as CNKI datasets for collection of relevant studies, followed by analysis of odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Of the seven case-control studies we enrolled, there was insignificant correlation of the LEPR Gln223Arg polymorphism with OSAHS risk. However, subgroup analysis by Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) scores revealed that, LEPR Gln223Arg polymorphism was significantly related to OSAHS risk in high-quality studies. In addition, we found no publication bias. Our findings suggest that LEPR Gln223Arg polymorphism might contribute to the risk of OSAHS. Well-designed studies with more subjects are needed for further validation of these results.
Molecular Basis of Bicalutamide Response Alteration of Androgen Receptor Caused by Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms: An In Silico Investigation
177-187
10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2019026432
Noushin
Hadian
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
Farzaneh Mohamadi
Farsani
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Mohamad Reza
Ganjalikhany
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Hossein
Sazegar
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
Mehdi
Sadeghi
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
androgen receptor
bicalutamide
drug interaction
non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism
The vast majority of drugs act through binding to their protein targets. Prediction of the interaction between small molecules and these receptors is a key element in the process of drug discovery. Advances in structural biology have enabled us to resolve the three-dimensional structure of proteins, which are the targets of the drugs. Pharmacogenetics also helped researchers to study the structural variations arise from the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and to survey the effects these variations in drug design and development. These improvements led to the identification of structural changes caused by SNPs, which affect the drug interaction with their receptors, called drug response. In this study, the interaction between androgen receptor and bicalutamide was investigated using a computational analysis. The results of these analyses were then used for identification of nonsynonymous SNPs that are potentially involved in drug response alterations. The data show that amino acids Met895, Trp741, Arg752, Ile899, Leu707, Gly708, Gln711, Met745, Met749, Thr877, Phe764, Met742, Asn705 and Leu704 are the main residues involved in the interaction between androgen receptor and bicalutamide. The occurrence of nonsynonymous polymorphisms I843T, L708R, H690P, I870M, N757S, L713F, G744E, L678P, M788V, M781I, A722T, H875Y, I842V, and F827L in this receptor greatly affected its interaction with bicalutamide, and they were able to cause drug resistance. The results of this study could be useful in predicting the response to treatment in patients receiving bicalutamide.