Begell House Inc.
Critical Reviews™ in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
CRP
0896-2960
24
1-2
2012
Prevalence, Correlates, Mechanisms, and Treatment of Sexual Health Problems After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review
1-34
10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.v24.i1-2.10
Grahame Kenneth
Simpson
Liverpool Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Rehabilitation Studies Unit, Sydney, Australia
Ian J.
Baguley
University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Rehabilitation Studies Unit, Sydney, Australia; Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
traumatic brain injury
sexuality
sexual dysfunction
sexual health
prevalence
treatment
scoping review
Sexuality is an important domain affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI). A scoping review was conducted to identify the evidence base derived from quantitative studies investigating sexual health issues after TBI. A systematic search of 4 electronic databases found 1833 citations published as of the end of 2010, of which 24 met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Only 2 treatment studies were identified (a single case treating premature ejaculation and a case series treating sexual dysfunction induced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors); both were rated poorly for methodological quality. Fourteen studies reported the prevalence of sexual dysfunction (drive, arousal, orgasm), with rates generally ranging between 10% and 50%. One study reported about the knowledge of safer sex and another reported about the agency use of a sex education program for adults with TBI. Six studies reported mechanisms underpinning sexual function/dysfunction: 2 found that reduction in sexual cognition may be linked to reduced sex drive; 2 reported intact penile function among men in a vegetative state; and 2 reported the duration of amenorrhea and female fertility rates after TBI. Overall, most studies were from a single center, few were controlled, and all observational studies were cross-sectional, meaning that the course of sexual dysfunction after TBI is unknown. Given the frequency and complexity of sexual health issues after TBI, more high quality studies are needed.
The Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Training on Upper and Lower Body Strength in Older Adults
35-50
10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.2013005813
Chantelle C.
Lachance
Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Kenji A.
Kenno
Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Patricia L.
Weir
Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
Kelly M.
Carr
Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
Nancy
McNevin
Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
Sean
Horton
Adapted Physical Exercise (APEX) Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, University of
Windsor, Windsor, Ontario
whole-body vibration
aging
vibration exercise
muscular strength
Sarcopenia contributes to seniors' impairment of activities of daily living (ADLs) and overall independence. Previous research suggests both resistance (RES) and whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise can help combat sarcopenia. While literature about WBV exercise is now more prevalent, there is little known about its potential impact on seniors' upper body strength. This study aims to further evaluate the effectiveness of WBV exercise on seniors' lower body strength and explore the potential effects of WBV training on upper body strength. Fifty-five participants (33 men and 22 women; mean age, 73.3 ± 7.9 years [range, 55−90 years]) were divided into either a WBV or RES exercise group. Both exercise groups trained twice a week. Participants were assessed at baseline, after 8 sessions, and after 16 sessions. Outcome measures included the chair stand, 8-foot timed up-and-go, arm curl, triceps extension, and grip strength tests. There was a significant main effect of time found in 4 of the 5 dependent measures (chair stand test, P < 0.001; 8-foot timed up-and-go, P < 0.005; arm curl test, P < 0.001; triceps extension test, P < 0.001). The grip strength test did not show a main effect of time (P = 0.251) but did reveal a main effect for sex (P <.001). Consistent with previous WBV literature, improvements from baseline in both groups suggest WBV exercise is as effective as conventional RES training. When aiming to improve whole-body strength in seniors, WBV exercise may be a viable alternative to a traditional exercise regime.
Whole-body Vibration Training in Older Adults: Retention of the Strengthening Effects
51-67
10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.v24.i1-2.30
Kelly M.
Carr
Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
Chantelle C.
Lachance
Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Kenji A.
Kenno
Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Nancy
McNevin
Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
Sean
Horton
Adapted Physical Exercise (APEX) Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, University of
Windsor, Windsor, Ontario
Patricia L.
Weir
Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
whole-body vibration training
aging
muscular strength
detraining
elderly
seniors
Our purpose was to determine if strength gains from 16 sessions of whole-body vibration (WBV) or resistance (RES) training persist for seniors after a four-week retention period. Participants included 46 community-dwelling seniors (mean age = 73.13 years; 27 males, 19 females). Baseline measures (T1) were taken following the training protocol. Measures included fitness testing, a physical abilities questionnaire, and an interview. Retention testing (T2) occurred after participants engaged in normal daily activities for four weeks. Statistical analyses included 2 (condition: WBV versus RES) × 2 (activity level: high versus low) × 2 (time: T1 versus T2) mixed factorial ANOVAs on each dependent measure. Participants in the RES group and those who were highly active performed better on the chair stand test. No significant findings were revealed in the remaining fitness measures. The questionnaire indicated that walking 0.5 miles was perceived as less difficult at T2 than at T1. Nearly all self-reported physical ability measures were perceived as less difficult for highly active participants. Strengthening effects acquired through WBV or RES training were maintained in seniors after a four-week retention period, regardless of condition or activity level. However, activity level influenced the perception of one's physical abilities.
Upper Limb Neuromuscular Strategies are Altered in Patients with Mechanical Neck Disorders Compared with Asymptomatic Volunteers
69-84
10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.2013006442
Victoria
Galea
School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Michael R.
Pierrynowski
School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Joy C.
MacDermid
Health and Rehabilitation Science, Physical Therapy and Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Clinical Research Lab, Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, London, ON, Canada
Anita R.
Gross
School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; LifeMark Physiotherapy, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
motor coordination
EMG
neck pain
upper limb disability
The objective of this study was to investigate the neuromuscular strategy used during a cyclical reach and grasp test (CRGT) in patients with mechanical neck disorder. The CRGT is a paced and timed, repetitive reach and grasp task that was designed to monitor both kinematics and electromyography of the upper limb. Patients (n = 9) with moderate to severe neck pain were compared with healthy controls (n = 7). Activities from 10 muscles of the upper limb were acquired during performance of the CRGT and processed to render both temporal/spatial and amplitude indices. Cross- and Pearson correlations of selected muscle pairs were calculated. Comparisons were conducted using nonparametric statistics. All participants completed the CRGT but only patients self-reported pain after performance (visual analog scale rating of 3.9 ± 2.7 on the affected side). Modulation of activity was observed for posture (sitting vs. standing, P = 0.034) and side (affected/nondominant vs. unaffected) for controls (P = 0.005). The patient group did not demonstrate significant differences between these dependent variables. Neuromuscular strategies exhibited by patients during reaching did not alter significantly with variation in side and posture, as they did with controls, indicating the lack of a capacity to modulate muscle activity appropriate to the task. This is a significant consequence of the chronic pain experienced by patients with mechanical neck disorder and may underlie the upper limb disability reported in this patient population.
Needs of Families with Children Who Have a Physical Disability: A Literature Review
85-108
10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.2013006542
Renate
Siebes
Department of Special Education, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Partner of NetChild (Network for Childhood Disability Research in The Netherlands)
Marjolijn
Ketelaar
Partner of NetChild (Network for Childhood Disability Research in The Netherlands); Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Rehabilitation Center De Hoogstraat
Jan Willem
Gorter
Partner of NetChild (Network for Childhood Disability Research in The Netherlands); Can-Child Centre for Childhood Disability Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Mattijs
Alsem
Partner of NetChild (Network for Childhood Disability Research in The Netherlands); Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Rehabilitation Center De Hoogstraat
Marian J
Jongmans
Department of Special Education, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Partner of NetChild (Network for Childhood Disability Research in The Netherlands); Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children'
Families of children with a physical disability experience a large variety of needs over and above those of families with typically developing children. This study reports the results of a review of the published literature on family needs. A systematic search was conducted in the ERIC, PsycINFO, and PubMed databases from their date of release until December 2011. In addition, reference lists of the assembled articles were examined for relevant literature. Articles were evaluated on study characteristics and family needs; 1823 unique abstracts were screened for eligibility, revealing 69 potentially relevant articles, of which 64 could be retrieved. Analyses of a final selection of 29 articles resulted in a list of 604 family needs (range of 1−36 needs per article), which were clustered and rephrased into 99 unique needs and organized into 14 domains. The results of the review emphasize the variety of needs that these families experience, with "information needs" taking an important place. Our findings may serve as a resource for researchers who are working to develop valid tools to assess needs of families with children with disabilities, and such a tool can be instrumental in tuning the care processes to the individual needs of these families.
The Step Test and Exercise Prescription Tool in Primary Care: A Critical Review
109-123
10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.2013006823
Melanie
Stuckey
Western University
Emily
Knight
Lawson Health Research Institute, Aging Rehabilitation and Geriatric Care Research Centre, Western University Faculty of Health Sciences, London, Ontario, Canada
Robert J.
Petrella
Lawson Health Research Institute, Aging Rehabilitation and Geriatric Care Research Centre; Western University, Faculty of Health Sciences; Western University, Schulich School of Dentistry and Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
exercise prescription
primary care
aerobic fitness
physical activity
It is well established in the literature that regular physical activity aids in the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases. Despite this, it also has been reported that physical fitness assessment and exercise prescription are not readily employed in the primary care setting, which led to the development of the Step Test and Exercise Prescription (STEP) tool. STEP involves stepping up and down a set of standardized steps 20 times at a self-selected pace and calculating predicted maximum oxygen consumption based on age, sex, body weight, stepping time, and heart rate after exercise. A written, individualized exercise prescription, including target training heart rate, is provided. This review provides the STEP protocol, clarifies discrepancies in the literature, and summarizes outcomes. Interventions employing STEP have demonstrated beneficial effects for aerobic fitness, exercise compliance, exercise self-efficacy, and risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. STEP has been particularly successful in improving the cardiometabolic risk profile associated with the metabolic syndrome. Based on existing evidence, STEP is an effective office-based tool for use by physicians or allied health care professionals to assess aerobic fitness effectively and provide individualized exercise counseling.
Normative Data for the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency in Indian Children 6½ to 9½ Years Old: A Cross-Sectional Study
125-136
10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.2013006945
Jaya Shanker
Tedla
Program of Physical Therapy, Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Sourov
Saha
Department of Physiotherapy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, India
Sailakshmi
Ganesan
Head of Therapy, Spastics Society of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
motor proficiency
normative data
BOTMP
children
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to establish normative data of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) for Indian children ages 6½ to 9½ years. A total of 164 normal children of both sexes were tested. Descriptive statistics were used to obtain the means and standard deviations of BOTMP subtest point scores in each age group. Age had a highly significant influence on each BOTMP subtest point score except for the response speed subtest. No significant differences were found between sexes in most of the subtests except running speed and agility, balance, and upper-limb coordination. The normative data of BOTMP for children aged 6½ to 9½ years was established. Age strongly influences the motor proficiency, whereas only a few components of motor skills are affected by sex.
Post-Exercise Hypotension: Effects of Acute And Chronic Isometric Handgrip in Well-Controlled Hypertensives
137-145
10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.2013007153
Cheri L.
McGowan
Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Cassandra
Bartol
Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
Kenji A.
Kenno
Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
isometric handgrip
post-exercise hypotension
hypertension
Isometric handgrip (IHG) training lowers resting blood pressure (BP) in individuals with hypertension, yet the effects of a session of IHG exercise on BP are unknown. In normotensives, a single session of IHG elicits a reduction in BP immediately following exercise (post-exercise hypotension, PEH). Therefore, we tested the hypotheses that, in hypertensives, a session of IHG would elicit PEH and that this response would be attenuated with IHG training. Twenty hypertensives (all medicated) were randomly assigned to an IHG training group (n=11; resting BP: 114 ± 13/61 ± 12 mmHg; mean ± SD) or a non-exercising control group (n=9; 118 ± 14/68 ± 4 mmHg). The IHG training group performed four 2-minute IHG contractions at 30% of maximal voluntary effort, three times per week for 8 weeks. BP was assessed (brachial artery oscillometry) prior to and for 22 hours following a session of IHG, before, during, and after the post-training period. At baseline, BP was not reduced following an IHG session in either group. These findings of which were upheld at mid- and post-training time points (all p ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, an IHG session does not elicit PEH in medicated hypertensives, and this does not change with chronic exposure to the IHG stimulus.