Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
21
4
2019
Optimization of the Process for Producing Biomass and Exopolysaccharide from the King Tuber Oyster Mushroom, Pleurotus tuber-regium (Agaricomycetes), for Biotechnological Applications
311-322
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030357
Comfort Olukemi
Bamigboye
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Microbiology Unit, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
Julius Kola
Oloke
Microbiology Unit, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
Mike
Burton
Department of Mathematics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa
Joanna Felicity
Dames
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa
Agbaje
Lateef
Microbiology Unit, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
artificial neural network
hepatoprotection
medicinal mushrooms
optimization
Pleurotus tuber-regium
response surface methodology
The optimization of microbial growth for biotechnological purposes traditionally requires an approach that uses only one variable at a time, which has many drawbacks. This research used a completely randomized approach to optimize carbon and nitrogen nutrient requirements and growth factors (pH and temperature) for Pleurotus tuber-regium in order to optimally produce biomass and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) in shake-flask cultures. An artificial neural network (ANN) module was used to simulate the fungus-growing process and hence determine optimal conditions. The experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of the EPS fraction from P. tuber-regium in preserving hepatic cells against paracetamol-induced damage. Totals of 0.699 g biomass and 0.291 g EPS per 100 mL medium were obtained, whereas the ANN predicted 0.750 g biomass and 0.300 g EPS per 100 mL medium, thereby achieving 93.20% predictability for biomass and 73.00% predictability for EPS. Conditions for optimal EPS and biomass production for P. tuber-regium were quite different. Rat hepatic cells that had been fortified with the EPS fraction from P. tuber-regium were effectively preserved against liver damage. By using a mathematical approach, this study established optimal fermentation conditions for mycelia biomass and EPS production by P. tuber-regium and the relevant biotechnological implications.
Role of Aqueous Extract of the Wood Ear Mushroom, Auricularia polytricha (Agaricomycetes), in Avoidance of Haloperidol-lnduced Catalepsy via Oxidative Stress in Rats
323-330
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030351
Xiaohong
Liu
Pharmacy, Ji'an Central People's Hospital, Ji'an Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China
Rakesh Kumar
Sharma
School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
Anurag
Mishra
School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India;
Gopala Krishna
Chinnaboina
AM Reddy Memorial College of Pharmacy, Narasaraopet, Guntur, 522601, Andhra Pradesh, India
Gaurav
Gupta
School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura 302017, Jaipur, India; Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
Mahaveer
Singh
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, 302017, Jaipur, India
Auricularia polytricha
oxidative stress
haloperidol
catalepsy
medicinal mushrooms
Haloperidol-induced catalepsy is an animal model of a psychotic disorder that may be associated with neurodegeneration and free radical damage. Auricularia polytricha is effective in both prevention and treatment of numerous types of neurological disorders. In the present study, anticataleptic activity of aqueous extract of A polytricha (AEAP) at different doses (400 and 600 mg/kg, respectively, p.o.) was studied using haloperidol-induced (1 mg/ kg, i.p.) catalepsy in rats. Repeated treatment with haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.p.) on each other day for 15 days (days 5, 10, and 15) significantly induced catalepsy in rats. The effect of AEAP at different doses (400 and 600 mg/kg, p.o.) on levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase as well as inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the forebrain region was assessed. After 15 days of treatment, AEAP (400 and 600 mg/kg) significantly inhibited haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Treatment with AEAP (400 and 600 mg/kg) exhibited significant elevation in the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase as well as lipid peroxidation in the forebrain region compared to the haloperidol-treated group. The study concludes that AEAP (400 and 600 mg/kg) significantly protects animals against haloperidol-induced catalepsy.
Comparison of Chemical Compositions, Bioactive Ingredients, and In Vitro Antitumor Activity of Four Products of Cordyceps (Ascomycetes) Strains from China
331-342
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030329
Jie
Qiao
Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, P.R. China
Yuying
Shuai
College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Xin
Zeng
Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, P.R. China
Dayong
Xu
Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
Shengqi
Rao
School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
Huawei
Zeng
Key Laboratory of Se-Enriched Products Development and Quality Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Se-Enriched Food Development; Ankang R&D Center for Se-Enriched Products, Ankang 725000, P.R. China; Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, P.R. China
Feng
Li
Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
chemical compositions
bioactive ingredients
antitumor activity
Cephalosporium sinensis
Paecilomyces hepiali
Cordyceps cicadae
Cordyceps militaris
medicinal mushrooms
The chemical compositions, bioactive ingredients, and in vitro antitumor activity were analyzed using water extracts from the dried fermented mycelia of Cephalosporium sinensis (C1), Paecilomyces hepiali (C2), Cordyceps cicadae (C3), as well as the dried fruiting bodies of C. militaris (C4). Total amino acid content was highest in C3, compared with C1, C2, C4, and natural C. militaris (S1). The contents of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Ca as well as the Zn/Cu ratio in C1-C3 were obviously different than those of C4 and S1, whereas Na contents and K/Na ratios in C3, C4, and S1 were obviously different from those in C1 and C2. Except for C4, cordycepin was not detected in C1-C3 or S1. The crude polysaccharide contents in C4 and total triterpenoid content in C4 were relatively lower than that in C1-C3. Detailed analysis of the crude polysaccharide from C4 did not detect fucose, but it contained the highest amount of glucose, compared with C1-C3. Additionally, the antitumor activities of the respective water extracts were ranked in the order of C3 > C4 > C1 > C2. These results can help us better understand products of Cordyceps strains.
Assessing the Bioavailability of Zinc and Indole Compounds from Mycelial Cultures of the Bay Mushroom Imleria badia (Agaricomycetes) Using In Vitro Models
343-352
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030328
Katarzyna
Kała
Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow,
Poland
Agata
Krakowska
Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Analitycznej, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
Joanna
Gdula-Argasinska
Department of Radioligands, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
Wlodzimierz
Opoka
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
Bozena
Muszynska
Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
Imleria badia
mycelium from in vitro culture
extraction into artificial digestive system
indole compounds
zinc
CaCo-2 cells
medicinal mushrooms
Zinc and indole compounds demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and antioxidant activity. Edible mushrooms are good sources of these substances. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to study the accumulation,
release, and absorption of zinc and indole compounds from mycelial cultures of Imleria badia species using
in vitro models. Samples were analyzed using the atomic absorption spectroscopy method and the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method. The highest quantities of zinc were detected in the material grown on zinc hydrogen aspartate-enriched media (176.01 mg/100 g dry weight [d.w.]). In addition, the quantity of zinc in the control biomass was approximately 12.13 mg/100 g d.w. After passive transport, the amount of zinc was detected to be around 1.40 mg/100 g d.w., whereas after active transport with CaCo-2 cells, the quantity of zinc ranged from 0.46 mg/100 g d.w. to 12.72 mg/100 g d.w. Among the organic compounds, four indole compounds were qualitatively
identified, including 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan, melatonin, l-tryptophan, and 5-methyltryptamine. These results indicate that mushrooms and their in vitro cultures not only synthesize and accumulate these compounds, but also potentially release them into the gastrointestinal tract where they can be absorbed by the human body, which is reflected as a specific health benefit.
Optimization of Cultivation Conditions of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) for the Highest Antioxidant Activity and Antioxidant Content
353-366
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030338
Hai-wei
Lou
Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Xin-yue
Guo
Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Xin-chao
Zhang
Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
Li-Qiong
Guo
Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
Jun-Fang
Lin
Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
Ganoderma lucidum
solid-state fermentation
medicinal mushrooms
antioxidant component
grain
Ganoderma lucidum is a famous medicinal mushroom that is rich in antioxidants. The content of antioxidant components of grains can be effectively improved by G. lucidum as the fermenting strain. Optimization of the solid-state fermentation medium and optimization of the fermentation conditions were studied. The optimal fermentation substrate combination of G. lucidum TS (GL-TS) was 46.79% buckwheat, 53.21% rice; the optimal fermentation substrate combination of G. lucidum Am (GL-Am) was 4.17% soybean, 95.83% rice. The optimal fermentation conditions of GL-TS and GL-Am were as follows: inoculum amounts of 4.5% and 7.5%, temperatures of 30°C and 32°C, medium moisture content of 70% for both media, material granularities of 0.212-0.355 mm and 0.500-0.710 mm, and optimal fermentation time of 12.0 d and 10.5 d, respectively. Results of the analysis of antioxidant components in the fermentation substrates indicated that the antioxidant components were rich in antioxidant varieties and high in content. The contents of the antioxidant components (triterpenoids, total polyphenols, reducing sugars, anthocyanins, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E) in the full-fermentation substrates were greater than those in the nonfennentation substrates (except for flavonoids in the full-fermentation substrates, which were less than in the nonfennentation substrates). Glutathione was the major antioxidant component in the fermentation substrates, and the glutathione content was the highest. Therefore, the fermentation substrates of G. lucidum can be used to make antioxidant foods. This research contributes to the foundation for developing antioxidant foods based on G. lucidum.
Mitigating Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Using a Water-Alcohol Extract of Phellinus caryophylli (Agaricomycetes) in a Murine Model
367-380
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030388
Yogesh Bharat
Dalvi
Pushpagiri Research Centre, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Tiruvalla, Kerala,
India
Ruby
Varghese
Pushpagiri Research Centre, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Tiruvalla, Kerala,
India; MACFAST, Tiruvalla, Kerala, India
Prasad Y.
Lamrood
Department of Botany, Ahmednagar College (affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University), Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
Cherupally Krishnan Krishnan
Nair
Mar Athanasious College for Advanced Studies, Tiruvalla, Tiruvalla, Kerala, India; St.Gregorios Dental College & Research Centre, Kothamangalam, Kerala, India
acetaminophen
antioxidant enzymes
hepatoprotection
medicinal mushrooms
Phellinus caryophylli
This study investigates the hepatoprotective effect of a water-alcohol extract of the medicinal mushroom Phellinus caryophylli (Racib.) G. Cunn. (PCE) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. The mice orally received APAP (150 mg/kg body weight), followed by PCE extract (250 or 500 mg/kg body weight). The liver damage induced by APAP was analyzed on the basis of blood serum parameters (glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase), antioxidant assays (reduced glutathione
and glutathione peroxidase), and tissue peroxidation based on malondialdehyde level. The molecular mechanism underlying the prevention of APAP-induced damage by PCE was also analyzed. Liver damage was confirmed on the basis of increased serum parameter values, decreased antioxidant levels, and cellular and molecular alterations, which PCE restored in a dose-dependent manner. At a transcriptional level, PCE downregulated expression of the preapoptototic
gene Bax and the inflammatory gene Cox2 but upregulated the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2 in the mice that received APAP. PCE exerted a hepatoprotective effect by preventing apoptotic and inflammatory events caused by APAP. Thus, this study demonstrates a hepatoprotective effect of PCE, which could be explored further for managing hepatopathy.
Methyl-Hispolon from Phellinus lonicerinus (Agaricomycetes) Affects Estrogen Signals in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells and Premature Aging in Rats
381-392
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030355
Junzhi
Wang
Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Biological
Ferment, Yichang, Hubei, China
Huifang
Lv
Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
Beiyan
Chen
Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
Wenfeng
Huang
Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Medical
College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
Ailing
Wang
Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
Lanqing
Liu
Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
Haibo
He
Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Biological
Ferment, Yichang, Hubei, China
Jianfeng
Chen
Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
Shi
Li
Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
Wei-Qiao
Deng
Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
methyl-hispolon
estrogen signals
phytoestrogen
hormone replacement therapy
Phellinus lonicerinus
medicinal mushrooms
We studied Phellinus lonicerinus to determine the cytotoxic effect and the dual estrogenic activities of methyl-hispolon and their relation to estrogen signals in vivo and in vitro. The Glide scores of methyl-hispolon-estrogen receptor α (ERα) and methyl-hispolon-ERβ docked complexes were -7.29 kcal/mol and -6.68 kcal/mol in docking simulations. Methyl-hispolon had a significant antiproliferative effect for estrogen-sensitive ER(+) MCF-7 cells in the absence of estrogen, and it exhibited dual estrogen activities. Methyl-hispolon increased the serum E2 in rats with premature ovarian failure and fulfilled the estrogenic function in the uterus and ovary. Methyl-hispolon significantly inhibited the expression of Ras, API, ERα, C-myc, and cyclinDl, as well as their gene transcription in RL95-2 cells. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was inhibited by methyl-hispolon. Thus, methyl-hispolon has potential use in treating estrogen deficiency-related diseases, with good antitumor effects and estrogenic activity.
The Impact of Drying of Wild-Growing Mushrooms on the Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Water- Soluble Polysaccharides
393-400
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030345
Wojciech
Radzki
Department of Fruits, Vegetables and Mushrooms Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University
of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
Aneta
Slawinska
Department of Fruits, Vegetables and Mushrooms Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
Katarzyna
Skrzypczak
Department of Fruits, Vegetables and Mushrooms Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University
of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
Monika
Michalak-Majewska
Department of Fruits, Vegetables and Mushrooms Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University
of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
wild-growing mushrooms
polysaccharides
glucans
antioxidants
hot-air drying
freeze drying
FRAP
ABTS
medicinal mushrooms
Water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPs) were isolated from freeze-dried and hot-air–dried fruiting bodies of five wild-growing edible species: Armillaria mellea, Lactarius deliciosus, Leccinum aurantiacum, Suillus luteus, and Boletus badius. The concentrations of WSPs ranged from 36.3 ± 0.7 mg/g dw to 105.9 ± 3.9 mg/g dw. The method of drying substantially affected the quantity of WSP. The loss of WSP depended on species and varied between ~ 19% and ~ 48%. The extracted WSP contained varied amounts of carbohydrate, protein, and phenolics. The samples exerted antioxidant properties measured with the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay (11.5 ± 2.0 to 38.4 ± 3.6 μ;mol Trolox/g dw) and the Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay (9.1 ± 1.3 to 40.6 ± 1.4
μ;mol Trolox/g dw). In most cases, hot-air drying slightly increased the antioxidant potential of WSP.
Thirteen-Week Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Erinacine AEnriched Lion's Mane Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Agaricomycetes), Mycelia in Sprague-Dawley Rats
401-411
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030320
Li-Ya
Lee
College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
I-Chen
Li
Bioengineering Center, Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
Wan-Ping
Chen
Testing Center, Super Laboratory Inc., New Taipei City, Taiwan
Yueh-Ting
Tsai
Department
of Food Science, Nutrition and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei City, Taiwan
Chin-Chu
Chen
Grape King Bio Ltd., Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei City 104, Taiwan; Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan; Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
Kwong-Chung
Tung
College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
erinacine A-enriched Hericium erinaceus mycelia
13-week subchronic rodent feeding study
safety
neurodegenerative disease
medicinal mushrooms
Recently, erinacine A-enriched Hericium erinaceus (EAHE) mycelia have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in animal models of neurodegenerative disease, including Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. Despite promising results from animal models, there have been no reports on its toxicity after long-term consumption. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the safety of EAHE mycelia through a 13-week subchronic rodent feeding study. Following 13 weeks of EAHE mycelia feeding at dosages of 0, 875, 1750, and 2625 mg/kg body weight in both male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, findings revealed neither any mortalities nor noticeable toxicological effects in all the rats during the investigation period. Physiological parameters including body weight and feed consumption patterns were unaffected by EAHE mycelia administration. The hematological and biochemical parameters as well as histopathological studies revealed no significant differences between the treatment and control groups. Conclusively, the obtained results suggested that EAHE mycelia could be relatively unharmful when used over an extended period, supporting its safe use in food preparation.