Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
21
3
2019
Chemical Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Volatile Oil from the White Jelly Mushroom, Tremella fuciformis (Tremellomycetes)
207-214
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030099
Wei
Liu
Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Qingjiu
Tang
Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
Yutian
Wei
Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Le
Han
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; College of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
Wei
Han
Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
Na
Feng
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Jingsong
Zhang
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Tremella fuciformis
volatile oil
antioxidant
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
medicinal mushrooms
To fully analyze the composition of volatile oil extracted from Tremella fuciformis, hydrodistillation (HD) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) were adopted simultaneously. In both cases, the analysis was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the antioxidant activity of the volatile oil was determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method with rutin as a positive control. Nineteen components in HD and 68 components in SPME were identified, respectively. Moreover, the oil obtained from T. fuciformis by HD indicated that aromatic compounds were a major class (93.5%), followed by the terpenes (5.7%), alkanes (0.4%), and alcohols (0.3%). Among them, butylated hydroxytoluene was the highest concentration (92.5%) of the compounds. The compounds detected by SPME were different from those of HD, and the substances with the largest content were esters (57.7%), followed by alcohols (19.0%), acids (7.0%), and aldehydes (6.3%). Only three of the same substances were detected in both of them, namely borneol, (−)-α-terpineol, and acetic acid. In the DPPH assays, strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.176 mg/mL) was evident in volatile oil from T. fuciformis. Antioxidant activity was positively correlated with the concentration of volatile oil.
Cultivation of Medicinal Mushrooms on Spruce Sawdust Fermented with a Liquid Digestate from Biogas Stations
215-223
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030022
Adam
Brezáni
Department of Horticulture, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Katerina
Svobodova
Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Ivan
Jablonský
Department of Horticulture, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Pavel
Tlustoš
Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
alternative growth substrates
fermented conifer sawdust
Ganoderma lucidum
medicinal mushrooms
mushroom cultivation
Pleurotus spp.
The aim of this work was to prepare a softwood substrate on which to grow edible and medicinal mushrooms. Liquid digestate from a biogas station was successfully used in spruce sawdust fermentation. Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, and Ganoderma lucidum were grown on the obtained substrates and their mycelia grew at rates similar to rates of growth on control beech sawdust; values ranged from 4.1 to 5.54 mm/day. A 6-week fermentation period was determined to be sufficient for removing volatile extractives from sawdust (76% removal efficiency), which elevated content was shown to be most critical for fungal growth. Removal of 47% of resinous compounds and a decrease in the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in the growth substrate were found during sawdust fermentation in the presence of the liquid digestate. Among ligninolytic enzymes, the growth substrates produced here favored laccase produced by tested fungi. It follows that utilizing wastes from biogas production to reuse softwood wastes could make an environmentally friendly and economically viable biotechnology for producing mushrooms.
The Potential Role of Medicinal Mushrooms in the Prevention and Treatment of Gynecological Cancers: A Review
225-235
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030289
Giuseppe
Venturella
Italian Society of Medicinal Mushrooms, Pisa, Italy; Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
Paola
Saporita
Department of Agricultural, Food and
Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Maria Letizia
Gargano
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola, 165/A, I-70126 Bari, Italy; Italian Society of Medicinal Mushrooms, 56125 Pisa, Italy
medicinal mushrooms
gynecological cancers
human immunodeficiency virus
human papillomavirus
Basidiomycetes
Ascomycetes
A review of scientific information about the potential role of medicinal mushrooms in the prevention and treatment of gynecological cancers, human immunodeficiency virus, and human papillomavirus infections is reported here. The results of in vivo and in vitro experiments on 16 different species of Basidiomycetes and three Ascomycetes, which possess chemopreventive potential and are effective in clinical application in combination with chemotherapy, are also discussed. Medicinal mushroom extracts confirm an evident efficacy on the reduction of tumor cell proliferation and side effects in patients with gynecological tumors who are undergoing chemotherapy treatments. This review, the first on the use of medicinal mushrooms in the prevention and treatment of gynecological cancers, aims to highlight the remarkable potential of mushrooms in integrated oncology.
New Insight into Mycochemical Profiles and Antioxidant Potential of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: A Review
237-251
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030079
Tahidul
Islam
Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University–Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
Kumar
Ganesan
Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, P.R. China
Baojun (Bruce)
Xu
Programme of Food Science and Technology,
Division of Science and Technology,
Beijing Normal University, Hong Kong Baptist University,
United International College SAR of PRC, Guangdong, China
antioxidant potential
edible and medicinal mushrooms
mycochemicals
Unhealthy foods, lifestyle, environmental factors, ultraviolet radiation, and other factors are responsible
for overoxidation, which generates free radicals and leads to oxidative stress, cell damage, and eventually various chronic diseases. Edible and medicinal mushrooms contain large amounts of mycochemicals that possess antioxidant properties and play important roles in preventing and treating those chronic diseases. Edible and medicinal mushrooms have a strong free radical scavenging ability and are involved in various bioactivities and health-promoting benefits. The antioxidant-rich mycochemicals obtained from mushrooms make them attractive alternative and complementary
medicines. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have shown, through the use of various analytical methods, that edible and medicinal mushrooms possess antioxidant-rich mycochemicals. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant
compounds such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, ascorbate peroxidase, vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione play vital roles in neutralizing oxygen species and thereby protecting cells from damage. Hence, this review summarizes the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant potential of edible and medicinal mushrooms.
Engineering Aspects of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) Biomass Submerged Cultivation in Bioreactors: A Review
253-265
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030123
Marin
Berovic
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Bojana Boh
Podgornik
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Vegova 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Ganoderma lucidum
submerged cultivation
batch
fed-batch cultivation
stirred tank bioreactor
air lift bioreactor
medicinal mushrooms
The Ganoderma lucidum wood-degrading basidiomycete, with its large complex of pharmacological
effects, is the most outstanding and influential medicinal mushroom in Far East traditional medicine. In the past 2 decades, the fundamentals of submerged cultivation of G. lucidum mycelia in bioreactors has been established. Development of comprehensive submerged cultivations in stirred tank and air lift bioreactors are the most promising
technologies. This article provides an engineering overview of the achievements in submerged technology of
G. lucidum biomass production in bioreactors.
Medicinal Sulphur Polypore Mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus (Agaricomycetes) Plus Tiny Amounts of Essential Oils Decrease the Activity of Crohn Disease
267-273
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030122
Bruno
Donatini
Clinical Research, Medicine Information Formation, Cormontreuil, France
Isabelle
Le Blaye
Clinical Research, Medicine Information Formation, Cormontreuil, France
Cinnamomum verum
Crohn disease
Laetiporus sulphurous
medicinal mushrooms
Origanum vulgare
Syzygium aromaticum
A mixture of Laetiporus sulphureus (LS) and essential oils of Origanum vulgare, Cinnamomum verum, and Syzygium aromaticum (LOCS) was recommended for 24 patients with Crohn disease (CD). Patients were followed up for at least 24 months (median 32 months; range, 24-54 months). Nineteen patients were compliant with the treatment, although 3 stopped taking it, relapsed, began the LOCS regimen again, and recovered; 5 patients were not compliant at all. Compliant patients experienced flares of CD, with a CD Activity Index > 220, for 5.6% of the surveillance period (median 34 months). Noncompliant patients experienced flares of CD, with a CD Activity Index > 220, for 75.0% of the surveillance period (median 26 months; P < 10-6). Each case was then analyzed with a Bayesian approach that considered the probability of CD spontaneously disappearing within 2 weeks after intake of LOCS, the reappearance of CD within 2 weeks after stopping LOCS, and the disappearance of CD again after rechallenge. For the 19 compliant patients, the global posterior probability (probability that all the events observed were due to coincidence only) was equal to 10-6. Thus it can be concluded that LOCS decreases the CD Activity Index. Further investigations are necessary to unravel the mechanism of action of LOCS and to confirm its positive effect over periods as long as 5 to 10 years.
Pleurotus ostreatus and Laetiporus sulphureus (Agaricomycetes): Possible Agents against Alzheimer and Parkinson Diseases
275-289
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030136
Jasmina
Ćilerdžić
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Milica
Galić
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Jelena
Vukojević
Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Mirjana
Stajic
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
acetylcholinesterase inhibition
antioxidative capacity
Laetiporus sulphureus
Pleurotus ostreatus
tyrosinase inhibition
medicinal mushrooms
Previous studies showed that some mushrooms are highly efficient in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase, the increased activity of which can trigger the development of Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Starting from the fact that free radicals at high concentrations could cause neurodegenerative disorders as well as great interest in new, natural antineurodegenerative drugs, the goal of this study was to determine the in vitro antioxidative and neuroprotective potentials of various Pleurotus ostreatus and Laetiporus sulphureus extracts. L. sulphureus was a better antioxidative agent; it showed higher reducing power, was a more efficient scavenger of DPPH and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radicals, and was an Fe3+ reducer. The most efficient acetylcholinesterase inhibitor was hot water extract of P. ostreatus fruiting body, which was slightly weaker than the commercial preparation, galantamine. However, in comparison with α-kojic acid, tested extracts were weaker tyrosinase inhibitors. Considering that tested extracts were rich in phenols and that their amounts were in positive correlation with the extent of radical neutralization and acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibition, it is assumed that these compounds are the potential carriers of the neuroprotective activities. Owing to the significant antioxidative and antineurodegenerative capacity of these species, they can be suggested as novel nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.
Analysis of Intraspecies Genetic Variability among Collections of Medicinal Red Belt Conk Mushroom, Fomitopsis pinicola (Agaricomycetes)
291-300
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030083
Alla V.
Shnyreva
Department of Mycology and Algology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia
Susanna M.
Badalyan
Laboratory of Fungal Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmacy, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian St., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
Anastasia A.
Shnyreva
Department of Mycology and Algology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia
Fomitopsis pinicola
genetic variability
medicinal mushrooms
molecular code
phylogenetic analysis
somatic compatibility
Intraspecies genetic variability of the medicinal dikaryotic polypore mushroom Fomitopsis pinicola was analyzed by using variable internal transcribed space (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA gene cluster and the somatic compatibility test. The results revealed very low ITS sequence polymorphism among strains of F. pinicola from geographically distant origins (Russia, Finland, and France). Because of its conserved structure, the ITS region of the ribosomal DNA cluster can be proposed as a reliable molecular code for identifying and taxonomically verifying F. pinicola sensu stricto species. Four types of somatic incompatibility interactions were found in the Moscow population; 29 dikaryotic isolates revealed 27 somatically incompatible groups with an overall diversity index (HVC) of 0.782. Moderate antagonistic (somatically incompatible) interactions were predominant, with a frequency (p) of 0.56; strong antagonism with the heavily pigmented interaction zone was estimated as p = 0.35. These findings regarding the genetic diversity of natural F. pinicola isolates will assist further research and development of novel strains useful in food, medicine, and industrial applications.
Identification and Evaluation of Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Normalization in Sparassis latifolia (Agaricomycetes)
301-309
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2019030106
Chi
Yang
Institute of Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding and Cultivation of Featured Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
Lu
Ma
Institute of Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding and Cultivation of Featured Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
Donglai
Xiao
Institute of Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding and Cultivation of Featured Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
Zhenghe
Ying
Institute of Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding and Cultivation of Featured Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
Xiaoling
Jiang
Institute of Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding and Cultivation of Featured Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
Yanquan
Lin
Institute of Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Breeding and Cultivation of Featured Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
normalization
real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
reference genes
Sparassis latifolia
light
edible and medicinal mushrooms
Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) has emerged as a powerful and popular tool for quantitating differences in transcriptional gene expression levels between samples. Validation of the stability of reference genes is a fundamental step before initiating qRT-PCR assays. Sparassis latifolia is an edible and medicinal fungus containing a remarkably high concentration of β-glucan, which has many biological and pharmacologic activities. S. latifolia may be a model species for studying fungal photobiology because its fruiting body formation requires more light than other fungi. However, suitable reference genes for qRT-PCR have not yet been determined. In the present study, 10 candidate reference genes in S. latifolia were evaluated and validated under different developmental stages and light conditions. To evaluate the suitability of candidate reference genes, three popular software programs (geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper), along with the delta Ct method, were used to analyze these genes; the final ranking was determined using RefFinder. According to our results, Actin and GAPDH were expressed at the most stable levels under different developmental stages and light conditions.