Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
20
8
2018
Randomized Clinical Trial for the Evaluation of Immune Modulation by Yogurt Enriched with β-Glucans from Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), in Children from Medellin, Colombia
705-716
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018026986
Sandra Lorena Duque
Henao
Nursery Faculty, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
Sergio A.
Urrego
PROGAL BT, Medellin, Colombia; Biotransformation
Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
Andrea M.
Cano
Fedsalud, Medellin, Colombia
Edwin A.
Higuita
Biomedical Research Group,
Uniremington University, Medellín, Colombia
B-glucans
Ganoderma lucidum
immune modulation
lymphocytes
CD4+ T cells
CD8+ T cells
medicinal mushrooms
randomized clinical trial
Pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists are promising for use in modulating immune responses in clinical settings characterized by immune immaturity or deficiency. β-Glucans derived from Ganoderma lucidum have demonstrated immune-modulatory activity both in vitro and in vivo. To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of orally administered β-glucans, a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study was performed in asymptomatic children, aged 3 to 5 years old, from Medellin, Colombia. Primary outcomes were the circulating CD8+ T lymphocyte and natural killer cell counts; secondary outcomes were circulating lymphocyte counts (total, CD3+, and CD4+ T cells), serum concentrations of total immunoglobulin A and cytokines, and various hematological parameters. The treatments were administered daily for 12 weeks, and physical and laboratory evaluations were performed at days 0 and 84. Children in the group receiving a yogurt with β-glucans presented a significantly higher absolute count of peripheral blood total lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells) than that in the group receiving placebo. The interventions were safe and well tolerated; no abnormal increases in serum creatinine or hepatic aminotransferases occurred, and adherence was higher than 90% in the intervention groups. This study demonstrates that β-glucans from G. lucidum increase the frequency of immune system cells in the peripheral blood; these cells are critical in the defense against infectious threats in asymptomatic children 3 to 5 years old. These findings warrant longer controlled clinical trials that aim to evaluate the efficacy of β-glucans in preventing infections in healthy children and to define their potential to enhance lymphoid cell number and functions in various lymphoid immune deficiencies.
Structural Characterization of Polysaccharides of a Productive Strain of the Culinary-Medicinal King Oyster Mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii (Agaricomycetes), from Italy
717-726
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018027011
Francesca
Cateni
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Treiste, P.zle Europa, 1, 34127 Treiste, Italy
Marina
Zacchigna
Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
Celeste Caruso
Bavisotto
Department of Experimental
Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Giuseppe
Procida
Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
Giuseppe
Bonaventura
Department of Experimental
Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Paola
Saporita
Department of Agricultural, Food and
Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Roberta
Calvo
Italian Society of Medicinal Mushrooms, Pisa, Italy; Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Giuseppe
Venturella
Italian Society of Medicinal Mushrooms, Pisa, Italy; Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
Maria Letizia
Gargano
Departament of Schol, Plant, and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola, 165/A – 70126 Bari, Italy
Pleurotus eryngii
polysaccharides
antioxidant activity
MTT assay
medicinal mushrooms
A preliminary biological investigation of the dry basidiomata of strain C-142-c of Pleurotus eryngii has shown significant antioxidant activity. Two different polysaccharides (PEPS-A1 and PEPS-A2) were isolated from the cultivated edible mushroom, P. eryngii C-142-c strain. Based on acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments (1H, 13C, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer, double quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy, total correlation spectroscopy, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy, and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy), the structures of the repeating unit of PEPS-A1 and PEPS-A2 were established as follows: (l)PEPS-Al (α-glucan): [→6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-α-D-Glcp-(l→]n; and (2) PEPS-A2 (β-glucan): [→6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→6)-β-D-Glcp-(l→]n. The antioxidant activity of PEPS-A1 and PEPS-A2 was evaluated as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. PEPS-A1 and PEPS-A2 showed SC50 values of 400 μ;g/mL and 122 μ;g/mL, respectively, suggesting their possible use as a dietary supplement in functional foods. The polysaccharides were tested for their activity on cell viability using a colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29). Both polysaccharides affected cell viability after 48 and 72 hours of treatment, inducing the death of 50% of HT-29 cells between 0.25 and 1 μ;g/mL and between 0.5 and 1 μ;g/mL, respectively, for PEPS-A1 and PEPS-A2. These results are promising for future applications of these mushroom-derived polysaccharides as antioxidants and antitumor agents.
Compound of Stout Camphor Medicinal Mushroom, Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Agaricomycetes), Induces Protective Autophagy in SPCA-1 Cells through AMPK Inhibition-Independent Blockade of the Akt/mTOR Pathway
727-738
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018026983
Hairui
Yang
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding; Institute of
Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; WuXi AppTec Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
Jinsong
Zhang
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding; Institute of
Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
Henan
Zhang
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding; Institute of
Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, P.R. China
Yan
Yang
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of
Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
Yanfang
Liu
Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
Wenbo
Sun
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
Wenhan
Wang
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Wei
Jia
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Taiwanofungus camphoratus
By-1
autophagy
AKT
AMPK
mTOR
medicinal mushrooms
Our previous study showed that By-1, a maleimide derivative isolated from Taiwanofungus camphoratus, could induce reactive oxygen species-triggered apoptosis and G2 cell cycle arrest through a caspase-dependent pathway and also induced protective autophagy in human lung cancer SPCA-1 cells. Here, we further examined the autophagy flux and detected related proteins by Western blot analysis and fluorescence activated cell sorting, and we sought to find the exact role and underlying pathway of autophagy in SPCA-1 cells. Our results showed that By-1 treatment activated autophagy flux in SPCA-1 cells, which further confirmed that autophagy was induced by By-1 treatment in our previous study. Autophagy activator rapamycin restored cell death from By-1 treatment (21.32%) and verified that autophagy played a protective role in By-l-treated cells. Meanwhile, By-1 treatment suppressed the Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Taken together, these findings indicate that By-1 induced protective autophagy in SPCA-1 cells through AMPK inhibition-independent blockade of the Akt/mTOR pathway.
Comparison of Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Selected Pleurotus Species (Agaricomycetes) from India
739-748
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018027033
Kudrat
Randhawa
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
Richa
Shri
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
anti-acetylcholinesterase
antioxidant
medicinal mushrooms
Pleurotus mushrooms
Pleurotus mushrooms have been used in traditional medicines to manage diabetes, high cholesterol, asthma, arteriosclerosis, and nervous, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal disorders, among others. Various scientific studies have reported the presence of steroids, triterpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and polysaccharide-protein complexes in Pleurotus mushrooms. Various in vitro and in vivo assays have shown antioxidant, antidiabetes, cholesterol-lowering, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. This study investigated the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (through the use of a spectrophotometric method) and the antioxidant potential (on the basis of DPPH scavenging activity) of hydromethanol extracts of fresh fruiting bodies of 4 Pleurotus species. The extracts of the selected mushrooms exhibited significant correlations between acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity and between total phenol, flavonoid, and alkaloid contents. Among the 4 species, P. florida showed the strongest acetylcholinesterase inhibition (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, 59.13 ± 1.37 mg/mL) and antioxidant activity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, 239.02 ± 0.22 μ;g/mL). The findings of this study demonstrate that Pleurotus mushrooms, specifically P. florida, may be considered as a potential source of antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory agents.
Psathyrella candolleana and Agaricus bisporus Extracts Provide Protection against DNA Oxidative Damage Induced by Doxorubicin
749-759
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018027002
Mouthana N.
Al-Habib
Centre of Agricultural Research, Baghdad, Iraq
John
Holliday
Aloha Medicinals, Inc.,
2300 Arrowhead Dr., Carson City, NV 89706, USA
Mohammad S.
Aladahmy
Centre of Agriculture Research, Baghdad, Iraq
Psathyrella candolleana (RM-0861)
medicinal mushrooms
doxorubicin
oxidative damage
Agaricus bisporus
catechin
chromosomal aberration
In this study, the aqueous extracts of fruiting bodies of Psathyrella candolleana and Agaricus bisporus were assessed in vitro for their genotoxic potential. Extracts of these 2 fungi were tested with regard to their capacity to protect genetic material against DNA damage caused by the anticancer chemotherapy drug, doxorubicin. Using chromosomal aberration, micronucleus, and comet assays, the genotoxic and genoprotective potential of these 2 fungi was assessed using P. candolleana strain RM-0861 and A. bisporus strain AB-62. Genetic damage was determined by the chromosomal aberration assay, and evaluation of oxidative damage was performed in vitro by the micronucleus test and comet assay. A significant decrease in micronucleus formation was noted in comparison with the corresponding control. None of the mushroom extract treatments in this study displayed genotoxicity or cytotoxicity. Significantly, the greatest reductions of chromosomal aberration were found with the extracts of P. condolleana for all time periods tested. The extracts tested showed a marked anticlastogenic effect against DNA damage, as evidenced by a decrease in the frequency of total breaks. The data obtained suggest that extracts of these fungi are anticlastogenic under the conditions tested. These results indicate that mushroom extracts contain bioactive compounds that may prevent oxidative DNA damage induces by doxorubicin, as measured by chromosomal aberration, comet and micronucleus assay.
Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats
761-774
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018027010
Ravindran Kalathil
Veena
Department of Microbiology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur-680 555, Kerala, India
Thekkuttuparambil Ananthanarayanan
Ajith
Department of Biochemistry, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Amala Nagar, Thrissur-680 555, Kerala, India
Kainoor Krishnankutty
Janardhanan
Amala Cancer Research Centre, Thrissur 680555,India
antioxidants
cardiotoxicity
doxorubicin
free radicals
Ganoderma lucidum
medicinal mushrooms
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anticancer drug used extensively to treat a variety of human malignancies. DOX chemotherapy often leads to serious cardiotoxicity. We examined the ability of a Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) to prevent DOX-associated cardiotoxicity. DOX treatment of cardiac tissue drastically increased levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and protein carbonyls (PCOs), and significantly decreased reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase activities. Administration of GLE restored CK, LDH, AOPPs, and PCOs to almost normal levels and significantly enhanced the activity of SOD, GPx, catalase, and GSH; it also downregulated lipid peroxidation. Histopathological observations, hematology profiles, and electrocardiography parameters supported the protective effect of GLE against cardiotoxicity associated with DOX treatment.
Vineyard Pruning Waste Improves Bioconversion and Chemical Composition of Native Ganoderma spp. (Agaricomycetes) Strains from Mexico
775-789
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018027005
Idaly
Morales-Estrada
Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, México
Rigoberto
Gaitán-Hernández
Biotechnology Resources Management Network, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec, 91073 Xalapa, Veracruz, México
Aldo
Gutiérrez
Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
Georgina
Vargas
Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, México
Alberto
Jiménez
Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, México
Agustin
Rascón
Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, México
Martín
Esqueda
Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
bioconversion
Ganoderma
medicinal mushrooms
Sonoran Desert
vineyard wood chips
wild mushroom strains
The aim of this work was to evaluate wood chips from vineyard prunings (VPs) as a potential substrate in cultures of Ganoderma spp. Biological efficiency (BE), production rate (PR), yield, and protein and fat contents of basidiomes increased when the wild strains G. oerstedii and G. subincrustatum, which were isolated from the Sonoran Desert, were cultivated on VPs. The mineral content of the basidiomes varied depending on the strain and substrate. The carbohydrate and phenol contents of the different substrate combinations and of the basidiomes were similar among strains. However, the carbohydrate and phenol contents of the substrates did not correlate with an increase in BE. Conversely, the high availability of protein, fat, and hemicellulose in VPs positively correlated with increases in BE, in yield, and in the protein and fat contents of the basidiomes of the wild strains. Our results clearly demonstrate that, in comparison with the traditional substrate of oak wood, VPs improve the production and biochemical composition of basidiomes. Therefore, cultivation of Ganoderma spp. on VPs is an environmentally friendly strategy for increasing their nutritional value and for cultivating these mushrooms for other biotechnological applications.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation of the King Tuber Medicinal Mushroom Lentinus tuber-regium (Agaricomycetes)
791-796
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018026991
Dongmei
Liu
College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
Hanyu
Zhu
College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
Yue
Chen
Guangdong University of Technology
Liesheng
Zheng
College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
Liguo
Chen
College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
Aimin
Ma
College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Lentinus tuber-regium
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
transformation
hygromycin B phosphotransferase
enhanced green fluorescent protein
medicinal mushrooms
Lentinus tuber-regium is a sclerotium-forming basidiomycetous mushroom. It has increasingly aroused people's attention for its medicinal effects. In this study, we investigated the applicability of the Agrobacterium tume-faciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) method in L. tuber-regium. A. tumefaciens strain GV 3101 harboring the vector pPEH was used to transform the mycelium of L. tuber-regium strain ACCC50657. The genes for hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) under the control of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) gene promoter of Pleurotus ostreatus were employed as the selection marker and reporter gene, respectively. The optimal cocultivation temperature and time for transformation were 3 days and 4 days at 25°C and 20°C, respectively. Southern blot analysis showed the variation in the copy number and position of hph, which indicated random integration of hph. Polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence microscopy indicated that the P. ostreatus gpd promoter can drive the fused hph-egfp gene expression in L. tuber-regium. This is the first report that the ATMT method was successfully applied to L. tuber-regium. This reliable and efficient transformation method could be a powerful tool for strain genetic improvement and gene function study in L. tuber-regium.
Polysaccharides and Antioxidants from Culinary-Medicinal White Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Agaricomycetes), Waste Biomass
797-808
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018027412
Aleksandra Vojvodic
Cebin
Laboratory for Chemistry and Technology of Carbohydrates and Confectionery Products, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Vlatka
Petravić-Tominac
Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Senka
Djakovic
Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Sinisa
Srecec
Krizevci College of Agriculture, Krizevci, Croatia
Vesna
Zechner-Krpan
Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Jasenka
Piljac-Zegarac
Department of Molecular Biology, Institute "Ruđer Bošković" , Zagreb, Croatia
Omoanghe S.
Isikhuemhen
Mushroom Biology and Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
Agaricus bisporus
a-glucans
antioxidant properties
B-glucans
medicinal mushrooms
phenolic compounds
polysaccharides
Agaricus bisporus, also known as the white button mushroom or champignon, is the most cultivated mushroom species worldwide. In addition to its favorable nutrient profile, it contains a number of compounds with antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities. Waste biomass is a secondary product obtained from A. bisporus during the harvesting stage. It is underused, although it could be a cheap source of polysaccharides and antioxidants for use in food and feed production, or a source of nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals. In this study, waste biomass was used as raw material for extraction of crude polysaccharides. The mean amount of crude polysaccharides extracted was 106 g/kg dry weight debris-free mushroom waste biomass. The crude polysaccharides recovered contained 11.57% α-glucan and 16.37% β-glucan. Total carbohydrates composed 44.18%. No significant differences were found in the Fourier transform infrared spectra, which confirmed the presence of protein, α-glucan, and β-glucan in all samples; phenols were detected only in waste biomass and market-ready A. bisporus fruiting bodies. The total phenol content in methanol extracts of waste biomass and A. bisporus fruiting bodies was 6.16 and 11.25 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract, respectively. Antioxidant capacities of methanol extracts from waste biomass, as determined by spectrophotometric techniques, were 22.67 μ;mol Trolox/g extract (ABTS radical scavenging), 51.77 μ;mol Fe2+/g extract (ferric-reducing antioxidant power), and 51.52% (DPPH radical scavenging). Although these values were lower than those for A. bisporus fruiting bodies, the waste biomass has great potential for use in food, feed, and other bioproducts of economic importance.