Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
19
6
2017
Growth-Inhibitory and Immunomodulatory Activities of Wild Mushrooms from North-Central British Columbia (Canada)
485-497
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v19.i6.10
Aaron
Smith
Chemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia,
Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
Sumreen
Javed
Chemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia,
Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
Ankush
Barad
Chemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia,
Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
Vicky
Myhre
Chemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia,
Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
Wai Ming
Li
Chemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia,
Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
Kerry
Reimer
Chemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
Hugues B.
Massicotte
Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia,
Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
Linda E.
Tackaberry
Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia,
Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
Geoffrey W.
Payne
Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia,
Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
Keith N.
Egger
Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia,
Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
Chow H.
Lee
Chemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
anti-inflammatory
British Columbia
Canada
growth-inhibitory
immunostimulatory
medicinal mushrooms
Wild mushrooms, especially from North America, have not been systematically explored for their medicinal properties. Here we report screening for the growth-inhibitory and immunomodulatory activities of 12 species collected from multiple locations in north-central British Columbia, Canada. Mushrooms were characterized using morphology and DNA sequencing, followed by chemical extraction into 4 fractions using 80% ethanol, 50% methanol, water, and 5% sodium hydroxide. Growth-inhibitory, immunostimulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of 5 mushrooms (Leucocybe connata, Trichaptum abietinum, Hydnellum sp., Gyromitra esculenta, and Hericium coralloides) are reported here, to our knowledge for the first time. Growth-inhibitory effects were assessed using the cytotoxic MTT assay. Immunostimulatory activity was assessed by tumor necrosis factor-α production in Raw 264.7 macrophages, whereas anti-inflammatory activity was assessed based on the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α production. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of Hydnellum sp. were potent growth inhibitors, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.6 mg/mL. All 5 fungi displayed strong immunostimulatory activity, whereas only L. connata and T. abietinum showed strong anti-inflammatory activity. For the 7 other fungi investigated, which included well-known medicinal species such as Inonotus obliquus, Phellinus igniarius, and Ganoderma applanatum, the remarkable similarities in the biological activities reported here, and by others for specimens collected elsewhere, suggest that mushrooms can produce similar metabolites regardless of their habitat or ecosystem. This is to our knowledge the first study to explore wild mushrooms from British Columbia for biological activities that are relevant to cancer, and the results provide an initial framework for the selection of mushroom species with the potential for discovery of novel anticancer compounds.
Lion's Mane Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Agaricomycetes), Modulates Purinoceptor-Coupled Calcium Signaling and Murine Nociceptive Behavior
499-507
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v19.i6.20
Pei-Shan
Liu
Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
Sheau-Huei
Chueh
Department of Biochemistry, National
Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
Chin-Chu
Chen
Grape King Bio Ltd., Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei City 104, Taiwan; Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan; Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
Li-Ya
Lee
Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
Li-Yen
Shiu
Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
Hericium erinaceus
medical mushrooms
purinoceptors
Ca2+ signaling
pain
Hericium erinaceus is well known for the neurotrophic effect it confers by promoting nerve growth factor biosynthesis. We discovered a novel bioactivity of H. erinaceus in its ability to suppress adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–induced calcium signaling in neuronal PC12 cells. ATP, known primarily as a neurotransmitter, also acts on purinoceptors (P2 purinergic receptor [P2R]) to generate the cellular calcium signaling and secretion that mediate P2R physiological manifestations, including pain. Chronic pain reduces quality of life. However, constant analgesic
administration can cause liver and kidney injury, as well as loss of the analgesic effect because of desensitization. In
this study we investigated the analgesic potential of H. erinaceus through measurements of ATP-induced Ca2+ signaling
in cell lines and observation of pain behaviors in mice. In P2R-coupled Ca2+ signaling measurements, extracts
of H. erinaceus mycelia (HEEs) blocked ATP-induced Ca2+ signaling in both rat PC12 cells and human HOS cells.
HEEs completely blocked ATP-induced Ca2+ signaling in human HOS cells, suggesting that this effect of HEEs is
exerted through the P2R subtypes present in HOS cells, which include the P2X4, P2X7, P2Y2, and P2Y4 subtypes.
In observations of animal behavior during pain, HEEs significantly reduced heat-induced pain, including postponing both the tail-flick response to heat stimulation and the paw-lifting response to a hot plate. This study demonstrates novel characteristics of H. erinaceus in reducing nociceptive behavior and blocking the functional activity of P2R. Further studies are required to verify this linkage and its molecular mechanisms.
Antifungal, Antioxidative, and Genoprotective Properties of Extracts from the Blushing Bracket Mushroom, Daedaleopsis confragosa (Agaricomycetes)
509-520
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v19.i6.30
Aleksandar
Knežević
Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Mirjana
Stajić
Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Lada
Živković
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Ivan
Milovanović
Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Biljana
Spremo-Potparević
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Jelena
Vukojević
Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
antifungal activity
antioxidative activity
Daedaleopsis confragosa
genoprotective activity
medicinal
mushrooms
This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal, antioxidative, and genoprotective potentials of various extracts of Daedaleopsis confragosa fruiting bodies and mycelia. The extracts exhibited weak fungistatic and an absence
of any fungicidal activities against 7 important animal and human pathogens. Although mycelial extracts, especially the
hot water extract, were more effective antifungal agents than basidiocarp extracts, they were significantly weaker than the commercial antimycotic ketoconazole. The tested extracts reduced DPPH radicals to various extents, depending on the material used for extraction and the solvent. The mycelial hot water extract was the best DPPH radical scavenger (half-maximal effective concentration, 3.42 mg mL-1), whereas the 96` ethanol extract of basidiocarps was the weakest one (half-maximal effective concentration, 5.36 mg mL-1). Phenols were the main carriers of activity, and their proportions in the tested extract mainly depended on the type and concentration of the solvent; the effect of the material used for extraction was negligible. The largest amount of phenols was detected in the 70% ethanol extract of basidiocarps (126.40 μ;g gallic acid equivalents mg-1) and the lowest in the basidiocarp methanol extract (19.93 μ;g gallic acid equivalents mg-1). Aqueous extracts of basidiocarp and mycelial extracts were not genotoxic agents but exhibited significant protective activity against hydrogen peroxide–induced DNA damage during use in leukocytes' pre- and post-treatments.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Extracellular β-Glucan Isolated from the King Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus eryngii (Agaricomycetes) and Its Sulfated Form on Signaling Molecules Involved in Innate Immunity
521-533
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v19.i6.40
Yong Hyun
Kim
Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea; BMI
Korea Co. Ltd., Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
Eui-Gil
Jung
Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
Kook-Il
Han
Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
Bharat Bhusan
Patnaik
Trident School of Biotech Sciences, Trident Academy of
Creative Technology, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Hyun-Jung
Kwon
Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
Hyoun-Su
Lee
Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
Wan Jong
Kim
BMI
Korea Co. Ltd., Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
Man-Deuk
Han
Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
B-glucan
dectin-1
dectin-2
immunomodulation
innate immunity
medicinal mushrooms
Pleurotus
eryngii
The aim of this study was to determine, using murine RAW 264.7 macrophages, the immunomodulatory effect of extracellular β-glucan isolated from Pleurotus eryngii (PEBG) and its sulfated derivative (PEBG-S)
on signaling molecules implicated in host innate immunity. β-Glucan was extracted and purified from the mycelial
culture using optimal medium concentrations. It was then chemically converted to its sulfated form. Monosaccharide
composition of β-glucan was characterized with p-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester–derivatized sugars through highperformance liquid chromatography analysis. Fourier transform infrared structural analysis showed an S=O bond at
1250 cm-1 and C-S-O binding at 815 cm-1 in PEBG-S. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed 1,3-linked
α-D-mannopyranosyl and 1,3-β-D-glucopyranosyl in PEBG-S. A concentration-dependent increase of nitric oxide
production was noticed in RAW 264.7 cells treated with PEBG-S or PEBG; those treated with PEBG-S showed less
cytotoxicity than those treated with PEBG. Cellular levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 were increased by PEBG and PEBG-S treatment, suggesting that they have immunomodulatory activity. Real-time
polymerase chain reaction array revealed that the expression levels of nuclear factor-κB and Toll-like receptor signaling
genes in cells were upregulated by PEBG and PEBG-S. Moreover, the expression of the β-glucan receptor
dectin-2 was significantly upregulated by PEBG and PEBG-S treatment, reflecting immune activation through the
dectin-2-Syk-(CARD9/Bcl-10/MALT1) pathway. Our results suggest that PEBG-S could be used as an effective adjuvant
or immune enhancer that can be sustainably produced by recycling the by-product of mycelial culture.
Structural Characteristics of the Novel Polysaccharide FVPA1 from Winter Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Flammulina velutipes (Agaricomycetes), Capable of Enhancing Natural Killer Cell Activity against K562 Tumor Cells
535-546
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v19.i6.50
Wei
Jia
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Jie
Feng
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Jingsong
Zhang
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Chi-Chung
Lin
Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
Wenhan
Wang
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Hong-Ge
Chen
Biological Engineering
College, Henan Agricultural Universities, Zhengzhou, China
Flammulina velutipes
FVPA1 polysaccharide
medicinal mushrooms
NK cell activity
NMR
structural
characterization
FVPA1, a novel polysaccharide, has been isolated from fruiting bodies of the culinary-medicinal mushroom
Flammulina velutipes, a historically popular, widely cultivated and consumed functional food with an attractive
taste, beneficial nutraceutical properties such as antitumor and immunomodulatory effects, and a number of essential
biological activities. The average molecular weight was estimated to be ~1.8 × 104 Da based on high-performance
size exclusion chromatography. Sugar analyses, methylation analyses, and 1H, 13C, and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy revealed the following structure of the repeating units of the FVPA1 polysaccharide
Identification of this structure would conceivably lead to better understanding of the nutraceutical functions of this
very important edible fungus. Bioactivity tests in vitro indicated that FVPA1 could significantly enhance natural killer cell activity against K562 tumor cells.
Effect of Pulsed Light Irradiation on Bioactive, Nonvolatile Components and Antioxidant Properties of Caterpillar Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes)
547-560
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v19.i6.60
Shih-Jeng
Huang
Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Yuanlin, Changhua 51003, Taiwan, Republic of China
Fu-Kuei
Huang
Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University,
Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
Agnes
Purwidyantri
Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
Arif
Rahmandita
Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
Shu-Yao
Tsai
Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
antioxidant properties
bioactive components
Cordyceps militaris
medicinal mushrooms and fungi
nonvolatile components
pulsed light irradiation
The caterpillar medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris contains many bioactive components, such
as adenosine, cordycepin, and polysaccharides. In this study, C. militaris was exposed to 0, 3, 6, or 9 pulses of light
irradiation to estimate changes in vitamin D2, bioactive compounds, nonvolatile taste components, and antioxidant
properties. In addition, we compared the components and properties of C. militaris mycelia and solid waste medium
that had been treated with pulsed light (PL) irradiation. Overall, PL irradiation of C. militaris increased the vitamin
D2 content and increased the total amino acid levels 9-48%; the antioxidant properties of the mycelia treated with
0 pulses and of the solid waste medium treated with 3 pulses all exhibited lower half-maximal effective concentrations.
Therefore, PL irradiation affected the amounts of bioactive compounds, but the irradiated samples still
contained intense umami taste and a sufficient amount of antioxidant components.
Cytotoxic Activities of Fractions of the Willow Bracket Medicinal Mushroom, Phellinus igniarius (Agaricomycetes), and the Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in MGC-803 Cells
561-570
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v19.i6.70
Fei-Fei
Wang
Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei,
P. R. China
Feng
Liu
Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei,
P. R. China
Chao
Shi
Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei,
P. R. China
Wei
Ma
Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei,
P. R. China
Kai-Jin
Wang
School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, P. R. China
Ning
Li
Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei,
P. R. China
apoptosis
cell cycle arrest
cytotoxic activity
ethyl acetate fraction
medicinal mushrooms
MGC-803
cell
Phellinus igniarius
Phellinus igniarius, a perennial medicinal mushroom, has been used in China and other countries of
East Asia for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cytotoxic activities of different fractions of an ethanol extract from Ph. igniarius and to elucidate a possible antitumor mechanism. An ethanol extract of Ph. igniarius was partitioned into a petroleum ether fraction, an ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), an n-butanol fraction, and a water-soluble fraction. The cytotoxic activity of all the fractions was initially screened in a brine shrimp lethality test, then evaluated by the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay against 5 human tumor cell lines: MGC-803, BEL-7402, HeLa, MCF-7, and HCT-116. The cell cycle distribution induced by EAF on MGC-803 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining, and apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry with Annexin V/propidium iodide staining. The results of the brine shrimp lethality test and the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay showed that EAF was the most active fraction, displaying strong inhibitory activity against the MGC-803, BEL-7402, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that EAF could induce S-phase cell cycle arrest in MGC-803 cells and cause apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. This study
demonstrated that EAF, as the most active fraction of Ph. igniarius, exerted antitumor activity by inducing MGC-803 cell apoptosis via S-phase cell cycle arrest.
Book Review: Healing with Medicinal Mushrooms. A Practical Handbook
571-574
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v19.i6.80
Solomon P.
Wasser
International Centre for Biotechnology and Biodiversity of Fungi,
Institute of Evolution and Faculty of Natural Sciences,
University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
Paul A.
Volz
East Michigan Mycology Associates 1805 Jackson Avenue Ann Arbor, MI 48103-4039; and North Florida Mycology Associates, 4500 Silverberry Court, Jacksonville, FL 32224-6836, USA