Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
18
1
2016
Effect of the Medicinal Mushroom, Grifola gargal (Agaricomycetes), on Bone Turnover Markers and Serum Lipids in Middle-Aged and Elderly Japanese Women
1-7
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i1.10
Etsuko
Harada
Iwade Research Institute of Mycology Co., Ltd, Tsu, Mie, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki, Japan
Toshihiro
Morizono
Iwade Research Institute of Mycology Co., Ltd, Tsu, Mie, Japan
Toshimitsu
Sumiya
Iwade Research Institute of Mycology
Co. Ltd., Mie, Japan
Hirokazu
Kawagishi
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
medicinal mushrooms
Grifola gargal
clinical test
osteoporosis
bone alkaline phosphatase
deoxypyridinoline
A clinical study was performed to examine the effect of the edible mushroom, Grifola gargal, on bone turnover markers and serum lipids in middle-aged and elderly Japanese women. Postmenopausal women aged 51−73 years (mean age, 61 years) received daily oral administration of 5 g G. gargal fruiting bodies (hot air-dried and powdered; G. gargal powder [GGP]). Serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and lipids and urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) levels were measured before and 2 weeks after the start of GGP treatment. As a result, urinary DPD bone resorption marker levels in women treated with GGP decreased significantly. Serum levels of the BAP bone formation marker also tended to increase, but the difference was not significant. By contrast, the atherogenic index decreased and the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio increased significantly. However, there were no statistically significant differences in serum lipids of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition, this study demonstrated for the first time that G. gargal is safe for human consumption.
Medicinal Mushrooms in Guatemala
9-12
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i1.20
Yvonne
Sommerkamp
Laboratorio Fitomykoterapéutico Lavra Mambré, Guatemala
Ana Margarita
Paz
Departamento de Citohistologia, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala
Gastón
Guzmán
Instituto de Ecologia, Apartada Postal 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91000, Mexico
medicinal mushrooms
Central America
edible fungi
strains
traditions
Guatemala, located in Central America, has a long and rich history in the traditional use of edible,
medicinal, and hallucinogenic mushrooms. This article describes the use of these mushrooms and presents studies on
the scientific validation of native and foreign species.
Development and Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method for the Quantification of Agaritine in Mushrooms
13-21
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i1.30
Simon
Merdivan
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat, Greifswald, Germany
Christoph
Willke
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat, Greifswald, Germany
Ulrike
Lindequist
Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn Str. 17, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
medicinal mushrooms
agaritine
LC-MS/MS
Agaricus brasiliensis
Agaricus bisporus
Agaritine, an aromatic hydrazine, is found as a secondary metabolite in mushroom species. It is among others suspected to exhibit genotoxic activity. This publication describes the validation of a method for the quantification of agaritine in mushrooms (i.e., extraction and purification by solid phase extraction) and measurement by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection in positive ionization mode. The results show this method to be selective, accurate, and precise. This method could be used for the quality control of pharmaceutical preparations containing mushrooms.
Lentinoid and Polyporoid Fungi, Two Generic Conglomerates Containing Important Medicinal Mushrooms in Molecular Perspective
23-38
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i1.40
Ivan V.
Zmitrovich
Laboratory of Systematics and Geography of the Fungi, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popova St. 2, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
Alexander E.
Kovalenko
Laboratory of Systematics and Geography of the Fungi of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of
Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
medicinal mushrooms and fungi
Polyporus s.l.
Lentinus s.l.
molecular phylogeny
Polyporaceae
taxonomy
Polyporoid and lentinoid fungi contain the important producers of substances having immunomodulatory,
antitumoral, antiviral, and antihyperlipidemic effects. The discovery of several phylogenetic lines within the
lentinoid-polyporoid continuum will help with target metabolomic analysis of species still not studied in pharmacological respects. The purpose of the present work was to increase a resolution in the lentinoid-polyporoid phylogenetic zone by means of selection of both the main representatives of Lentinus-related genera and poorly known/intermediate taxa such as Lentinus suavissimus, Neofavolus spp., and the resupinate part of Polyporus (genera Perenniporia and
Pachykytospora) in the context of the basic structure of the Polyporales tree. The molecular phylogeny of highlighting all the polyporoid and lentinoid nodes was reconstructed using nLSU ITS rDNA and TEF datasets. The data obtained from ITS, TEF, and LSU coincide in support of core Polyporaceae of 10 clades corresponded to the generic level and 7 of these (Cerioporus, Cladomeris, Favolus, Lentinus, Neofavolus, Picipes, and Polyporus s.str.) contain generic units
characterized by polyporoid or lentinoid morphotypes. The other 2 clades containing lentinoid taxa are outside the
core Polyporaceae, namely Panus (Meruliaceae, Polyporales) and Neolentinus (Gloeophyllaceae, Gloeophyllales). A new genus, Picipes, is described and 25 new combinations are proposed.
Protective Effects of Black Hoof Medicinal Mushroom from Korea, Phellinus linteus (Higher Basidiomycetes), on Osteoporosis In Vitro and In Vivo
39-47
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i1.50
In-Ho
Kim
Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, South Korea
Min-Yu
Chung
Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, South Korea
Ji Young
Shin
Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, South Korea
Daeseok
Han
Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, South Korea
medicinal mushrooms
Phellinus linteus
osteoclast
osteoblast
alkaline phosphatase
tartrate-resistant
acid phosphatase
ovariectomy
The protective effect of Phellinus linteus (ethanol extract) against osteoporosis was investigated using
the Saos-2 human osteoblast-like cell line and osteoclasts. A nontoxic concentration of Ph. linteus (10-2 to 10-8 mg mL-1) increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (EC 3.1.3.1) activity to a larger extent than soy did. Ph. linteus also
attenuated the number and the activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated osteoclasts. These results indicate that Ph. linteus likely regulated both osteoblasts and osteoclasts, contributing to the protection against
osteoporosis. The protective effect of Ph. linteus was examined in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Histological analysis indicates that Ph. linteus improved trabecular bone mass and reduced osteoclast frequency without affecting lipid droplet accumulation in the femur of OVX rats. A Ph. linteus supplementation for 12 weeks also significantly increased serum ALP activity and reduced urinary deoxypyridinoline level in OVX rats. Ultimately, we found that 12-week Ph. linteus supplementation increased the bone accumulation of minerals, including calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
Collectively, Ph. linteus protected against osteoporosis by balancing the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which was particularly associated with increased ALP activity in vitro and in vivo and mineral accumulation in bone.
Activity of Extracts from Submerged Cultured Mycelium of Winter Mushroom, Flammulina velutipes (Agaricomycetes), on the Immune System In Vitro
49-57
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i1.60
Svetlana
Kashina
Division de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biologia, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato,
Guanajuato, México
Lerida Liss Flores
Villavicencio
Division de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biologia, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato,
Guanajuato, México
Silvio
Zaina
Division de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Leon, Guanajuato, México
Marco Balleza
Ordaz
Division de Ingenierias, Departamento de Fisica Médica, Universidad
de Guanajuato, Leon, Guanajuato, México
Gloria Barbosa
Sabanero
Division de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Leon, Guanajuato, México
Victor Tsutsumi
Fujiyoshi
Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados, Departamento de
Infectomica y Patogénesis Molecular, Unidad Zacatenco, México, México
Myrna Sabanero
Lopez
Division de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biologia, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato,
Guanajuato, México
medicinal mushrooms
Flammulina velutipes
monocytes
macrophages
glycans
Extracts from submerged cultured mycelium of two strains of Flammulina velutipes, a popular culinary mushroom, were obtained by ultrasound and tested in vitro to determine their activity in innate immunity (monocytes/
macrophages). In addition, polyclonal antibodies against the extracts were produced. Both extracts have similar glycoproteins that contain mannose and glucose but have different glycoproteins with galactoseamine units. Two novel
immunogenic glycoproteins with molecular weights of 32 and 25 kDa have been revealed. It is thought that these
proteins are produced only by submerged cultured mycelium. Both extracts show immune-enhancing activity based
on the significant modification of various parameters such as cytokine production, phagocytosis, and reactive oxygen
species production.
Taxonomic Identity, Geographic Distribution, and Commercial Exploitation of the Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Pleurotus nebrodensis (Basidiomycetes)
59-65
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i1.70
Giuseppe
Venturella
Italian Society of Medicinal Mushrooms, Pisa, Italy; Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
Georgios I.
Zervakis
Laboratory of General and Agricultural
Microbiology, Department of Agricultural
Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens,
Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
Elias
Polemis
Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Maria Letizia
Gargano
Departament of Schol, Plant, and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola, 165/A – 70126 Bari, Italy
medicinal and edible mushrooms
fungal taxonomy
medicinal use
Umbellifers
Pleurotus nebrodensis
An updated overview of the outcome of studies conducted on the culinary-medicinal mushroom Pleurotus nebrodensis is presented by placing emphasis on the clarification of the taxonomic identity of P. nebrodensis and other related taxa possessing entirely white to cream basidiomes, which grow in association with different plants of the family Apiaceae. Cultivation techniques, quality of the product sold and sales price, as well as nutritional and medicinal aspects are discussed. Taking also into consideration the high economic importance of P. nebrodensis, it is essential to proceed with the verification of the commercial strains currently available in the international market under the name of "P. nebrodensis" since it is very probable that many (or most) of them do not represent the real P. nebrodensis. TO confirm this hypothesis, an in silico analysis was conducted on a large of number of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA sequences deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database under the name P. nebrodensis. Results demonstrated that all "P nebrodensis" material examined from China (plus several sequences of no reported origin) corresponded to P. eryngii subsp. tuoliensis, with only 2 exceptions, which were grouped within P. eryngii sensu stricto. The real P. nebrodensis biological material from Italy and Greece is certified and is available upon request by the authors at the University of Palermo and the Agricultural University of Athens.
A Lectin Purified from Blood Red Bracket Mushroom, Pycnoporus sanguineus (Agaricomycetidae), Mycelium Displayed Affinity Toward Bovine Transferrin
67-74
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i1.80
Silvana
Alborés
Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
Maria
Moros
Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Espana
María Pía
Cerdeiras
Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
Jesus Martinez
de la Fuente
Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragon, CSIC, Zaragoza, Espana
Valeria
Grazu
Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Espana
Laura Franco
Fraguas
Catedra de Bioquimica, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
medicinal mushrooms
lectin
Pycnoporus sanguineus
purification
nanoparticles
affinity adsorbent
glycoproteins
Fungal lectins constitute excellent ligands for development of affinity adsorbents useful in affinity chromatography. In this work, a lectin was purified from Pycnoporus sanguineus (PSL) mycelium using 3 procedures: by affinity chromatography, using magnetic galactosyl-nanoparticles or galactose coupled to Sepharose, and by ionic exchange chromatography (IEC). The highest lectin yield was achieved by IEC (55%); SDS-PAGE of PSL showed 2 bands with molecular mass of 68.7 and 55.2 kDa and IEC displayed 2 bands at pi 5.5 and 5.2. The lectin agglutinates rat erythrocytes, exhibiting broad specificity toward several monosaccharides, including galactose. The agglutination was also inhibited by the glycoproteins fetal calf fetuin, bovine lactoferrin, bovine transferrin, and horseradish peroxidase. The lectin was then used to synthesize an affinity adsorbent (PSL-Sepharose) and the interaction with glycoproteins was evaluated by analyzing their chromatographic behaviors. The strongest interaction with the PSL-derivative was observed with transferrin, although lower interactions were also displayed toward fetuin and lactoferrin. These results indicate that the purified PSL constitutes an interesting ligand for the design of affinity adsorbents to be used (i.e., in glycoprotein purification).
Cytological Characterization of Anamorphic Fungus Lecanicillium pui and Its Relationship with Chinese Caterpillar Mushroom, Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ascomycetes)
75-81
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i1.90
Wei
Lei
Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China; Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guren
Zhang
Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Guangguo
Wu
Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Xin
Liu
Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
medicinal mushrooms and fungi
Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Lecanicillium pui
morphology
transmission electron microscopy
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (syn. Cordyceps sinensis), one of the most valuable medicinal mushrooms, has great economic importance on the Tibetan Plateau. We isolated an anamorphic fungus Lecanicillium pui from natural O. sinensis specimens and found that the optimal temperature for its culture on potato dextrose agar media was 25°C. Cell ultrastructure in L. pui hyphae and spores was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, and it was observed that some primary organelles showed the typical fungal features. Five chemical elements were determined in this fungus and niobium was discovered for the first time even with trace amounts. A species-specific method, nested polymerase chain reaction, was established to investigate the colonization of this fungus. Thus, the extensive distribution of L. pui on O. sinensis, in the shape of hyphae or mycelia, suggested that it may have subtle and chronic effects on the growth of the O. sinensis teleomorphic stage. These findings provide a potential reference, in the view of microbial ecology, for the study on the occurrence and mechanism of development of O. sinensis.
Wild Edible Mushrooms from Turkey as Possible Anticancer Agents on HepG2 Cells Together with Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties
83-95
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i1.100
Gokhan
Sadi
Department of Biology, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
Abdullah
Kaya
Department of Biology, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
Hicret Asli
Yalcin
Department of Biology, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
Bugrahan
Emsen
Department of Biology, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
Aytac
Kocabas
Department of Biology, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
Deniz Irtem
Kartal
Biochemistry Graduate Programme, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Ahmet
Altay
Biochemistry Graduate Programme, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
medicinal and edible mushrooms
HepG2
cytotoxicity
antibacterial effect
antioxidants
This study was designed to reveal cell growth inhibitory potential of six different edible mushrooms: Ramaria flava, Agrocybe molesta, Volvopluteus gloiocephalus, Lactarius deliciosus, Bovista plumbea, and Tricholoma terreum on HepG2 cells together with their antioxidant and antibacterial power. Methanolic extracts of V gloiocephalus and aqueous extracts of R. flava had the most potential cytotoxic effects over HepG2 cells. The best results for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities were obtained from both aqueous and methanolic extracts of R. flava. Methanolic extracts of T. terreum (IC50 = 1.62 mg/mL) and aqueous extracts of B. plumbea (IC50 = 0.49 mg/mL) showed maximum metal chelating activity. The highest reducing capacities were observed among the methanolic extracts of R. flava (EC50 = 1.65 mg/mL) and aqueous extracts of B. plumbea (EC50 = 1.71 mg/ mL). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the presence of many phenolic compounds in macrofungi; gallic acid and p-coumaric acid were the two main phenolics identified in all extracts. Antibacterial studies indicated that all six tested mushrooms showed antibacterial activity on at least three microorganisms. These results indicate that different extracts of the investigated mushrooms have considerable cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties and may be utilized as a promising source of therapeutics.