Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
17
8
2015
Stimulation of the Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Potential of the Blood Red Bracket Mushroom Pycnoporus sanguineus (Higher Basidiomycetes)
701-712
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i8.10
Magdalena
Jaszek
Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sktodowska University, Lublin, Poland
Monika
Osinska-Jaroszuk
Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
Justyna
Sulej
Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
Anna
Matuszewska
Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
Dawid
Stefaniuk
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin, Poland
Kamil
Maciag
Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
Jolanta
Polak
Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
Lukasz
Matuszewski
Pediatric Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
Krzysztof
Grzywnowicz
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin, Poland
medicinal mushrooms and fungi
low-molecular-weight subfraction
antioxidants
antimicrobial properties
Pycnoporus sanguineus
idiophasic cultures
SEM
The antioxidative and antibacterial properties of low-molecular-weight secondary metabolite subfractions (ex-LMS) from cultures of Pycnoporus sanguineus cultivated under different temperature conditions (25°C [ex-LMSa] and 30°C [ex-LMSb]) were assessed. The antioxidative properties were studied using chemiluminometric measurement, an ABTS assay, and a DPPH reduction rate assay with Trolox and ascorbic acid as the control. The values noted for the ex-LMSb were significantly higher than those for ex-LMSa: 97%, 52%, and 31% for chemiluminometric measurement, the ABTS assay, and the DPPH assay, respectively, at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. Half-maximal effective concentrations reached 4.17 µg/mL for chemiluminometric measurement, 47.25 µg/mL for the ABTS assay, and 51.46 µg/mL for DPPH assay. Toxicity tests against Vibrio fischeri yielded 99.8% for ex-LMSa and 99.85% for ex-LMSb. Antibacterial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus was observed in the ex-LMSb fractions (inhibition zone, 23.5 mm; minimum inhibitory concentration, 0.12 mg/mL). Scanning electron microscopy images exhibited severe disruption of the bacterial cells treated with ex-LMSb compared with the control. The results obtained suggest that the extracellular fluid isolated from P. sanguineus−submerged cultures might be a good source of antioxidative and antibacterial compounds. In addition, the increase in the culture temperature evidently enhanced the bioactive properties of the preparation.
Significant Correlation between TLR2 Agonist Activity and TNF-α Induction in J774.A1 Macrophage Cells by Different Medicinal Mushroom Products
713-722
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i8.20
Catherine
Coy
Bastyr University Research Institute, Bastyr University, Kenmore, WA, USA; Tumor Vaccine Group, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Leanna J.
Standish
Bastyr University Research Institute, Bastyr University, Kenmore, WA, USA
Geoff
Bender
Bastyr University Research Institute, Bastyr University, Kenmore, WA, USA
Hailing
Lu
Tumor Vaccine Group, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
medicinal mushrooms
medicinal mushroom extracts
Toll-like receptors
TNF-α
immunotherapy
Trametes versicolor
Ganoderma lucidum
In the US market, there is a variety of mushroom preparations available, even within the same species of mushroom. Nonetheless, little is known about whether species or the various extraction methods affect biological activity and potency of the immune modulatory activity of mushroom extracts. After discovering that protein-bound polysaccharide-K, a hot water extract from Trametes versicolor, was a potent Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 agonist that stimulates both innate and adaptive immunity, this study was initiated to evaluate whether other medicinal mushroom products also have TLR2 agonist activity and immune-enhancing potential as measured by the induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in J774.A1 murine macrophage cells. Furthermore, the products were divided by extraction method and species to determine whether these factors affect their immunomodulatory activity. The results showed that the majority (75%) of mushroom products tested had TLR2 agonist activity and that there was a significant correlation between TLR2 agonist activity and TNF-α induction potential in the mushroom products analyzed. In addition, the data demonstrated that hot water mushroom extracts are more potent than ground mushroom products in activating TLR2 and inducing TNF-α. These data provide evidence that extraction methods may affect the biological activity of mushroom products; thus, further studies are warranted to investigate the structural differences between various mushroom products.
Hypolipidemic and Hepatic Steatosis Preventing Activities of the Wood Ear Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Higher Basidiomycetes) Ethanol Extract In Vivo and In Vitro
723-734
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i8.30
Md.Ahsanur
Reza
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University (Barisal Campus), Babugonj, Barisal, Bangladesh
Md. Akil
Hossain
College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Dereje
Damte
College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Woo-Sik
Jo
Department of Agricultural Environment, Gyeongbuk Agricultural Technology Administration, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
Walter H.
Hsu
Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
Seung-Chun
Park
Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702701, Republic of Korea
medicinal mushrooms
adipogenesis
preadipocytes
hepatic steatosis
wood ear mushroom
Auricularia auricula-judae
transcriptional factors
triglycerides
Obesity, a rapidly growing threat to human health worldwide, is responsible for a large proportion of the total burden of disease. Therefore, obesity control could be a vital scheme to prevent many diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the activities and mechanism of Auricularia auricula-judae 70% ethanol extract (AAE) in preventing hypolipidemic and hepatic steatosis. A normal diet (ND) and a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without 0.1% (w/w), 0.3% (w/w), and 1% (w/w) AAE were given to male C57BL/6 mice. Plasma lipids and liver enzymes were measured and tissue sections of liver were examined. Further mechanistic studies of mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes were performed in vitro by verifying triglyceride, glycerol, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and messenger RNA expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction amplification. Body weight and adipose tissue mass were significantly reduced in mice fed an ND and a HFD plus AAE compared with mice fed an HFD. In AAE-supplemented groups, plasma lipids and liver enzymes decreased dose-dependently. AAE suppressed the expression of adipogenic/lipogenic genes (PPARγ, C/EBPα, FAS) in 3T3-L1 cells without cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that AAE may reduce the risk of hepatic steatosis by modulating plasma lipids via the regulation of adipogenic/lipogenic transcriptional factors. AAE may have interesting applications to improve plasma lipids and liver enzymes.
Chemical Composition and Medicinal Value of the New Ganoderma tsugae var. jannieae CBS-120304 Medicinal Higher Basidiomycete Mushroom
735-747
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i8.40
Jannie Siew Lee
Chan
Phyto Pharma Ltd., Singapore
Mikheil D.
Asatiani
The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology,
Agricultural University of Georgia,
240 David Agmashenebeli Alley, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
Lital E.
Sharvit
Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Institute of Evolution, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
Beny
Trabelcy
Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel
Gayane S.
Barseghyan
Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary & Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel; Plant Biology Research Institute, Université de Montréal, 433, rue de la Noue, Verdun (Montreal), QC, H3E 1R9, Canada
Solomon P.
Wasser
International Centre for Biotechnology and Biodiversity of Fungi,
Institute of Evolution and Faculty of Natural Sciences,
University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
medicinal mushrooms
anticancer properties
amino acids
carbohydrates
fatty acids
fruiting body
macro- and microelements
mycelium
protein
Ganoderma tsugae var. jannieae
vitamins
In this research, the chemical composition and anticancer and antioxidant activity of the new medicinal mushroom Ganoderma tsugae var. jannieae CBS-120304 were evaluated. The chemical composition assay includes amounts of total carbohydrates and proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, micro- and macroelements, and vitamins. The investigated medicinal mushroom seemed to be a rich source of nutritional components. Mycelium accumulated more than 2-fold more total protein compared with the fruiting body and reached 37% and 16% of dry weight, respectively. Carbohydrate content in the fruiting body seemed to be conspicuously higher than in the mycelium (50% of dry weight) and reached 80% of dry weight. Quantification of the identified fatty acids indicated that, in general, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids. Toxic elements, such as silver, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury, were found only in trace amounts in mycelium and were not detected in the fruiting body. Furthermore, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay was used to evaluate antioxidant activity. The highest radical scavenging activity was 9.0 mg/mL (65.9%) by ethanol extract. In addition, mycelial extracts were tested to inhibit MCF7 breast cancer cells. Ganoderma tsugae var. jannieae ethyl acetate extract (GTEAE) extract showed high potential by inhibiting reporter activity by more than 70%. Results demonstrated that GTEAE had a strong effect on inhibitory protein κΒα level in the higher concentration used (200 gg/mL), which could be compared with the effect of parthenolide. Furthermore, GTEAE demonstrated strong inhibition of IκΒα phosphorylation.
Submerged Cultivation of Mycelium with High Ergothioneine Content from the Culinary-Medicinal Golden Oyster Mushroom, Pleurotus citrinopileatus (Higher Basidiomycetes)
749-761
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i8.50
Shin-Yi
Lin
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Program, Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Agricultural Biotechnology Center, NCHU, Taiwan, R.O.C
Shih-Chang
Chien
The Experimental Forest Management Office, NCHU, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
Sheng-Yang
Wang
Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
Jeng-Leun
Mau
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
medicinal mushrooms
ergothioneine
Pleurotus citrinopileatus
mushroom mycelia
response surface methodology
The optimization of submerged culture of the culinary-medicinal golden oyster mushroom, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, was studied using a one-factor-at-a-time, two-stage stimulation and central composite rotatable design to produce mycelia with high ergothioneine content. The optimal culture conditions for mycelia harvested at day 22 were a temperature of 25°C, an inoculation ratio of 5%, 2% glucose, 0.5% yeast extract, and adjustment of the initial pH value to 10. The biomass and ergothioneine content were 8.28 g/L and 10.65 mg/g dry weight (dw), respectively. The addition of an amino acid precursor increased the ergothioneine content of mycelia; cysteine was the most effective. In addition, the results obtained from central composite rotatable design showed that the recommended combination for cysteine, histidine, and methionine was 8, 4, and 0.5 mmol/L, respectively. The predicted ergothioneine content was 13.90 mg/g dw, whereas the experimental maximal ergothioneine content was 14.57 mg/g dw. With the addition of complex precursors and under optimal culture conditions, mycelia harvested at days 16−20 had higher ergothioneine content. Accordingly, the information obtained could be used to produce mycelia with high ergothioneine content.
Hot Water Extracts of the Royal Sun Mushroom, Agaricus brasiliensis (Higher Basidiomycetes), Inhibit Platelet Activation via the P2Y1 Receptor
763-770
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i8.60
Katsuyuki
Akahane
Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
Kaneo
Satoh
Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
Masato
Ohta
Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
Yukio
Ozaki
Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
medicinal mushrooms
Agaricus brasiliensis
P2Y1 receptor
intracellular calcium
shape change
Hot water extracts of the medicinal mushroom Agaricus brasiliensis were investigated for their inhibition of platelet aggregation. The extracts significantly inhibited human platelet aggregation induced by adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), but not by collagen or thrombin receptor−activating peptide. The extracts also had a significant inhibitory effect on shape change and intracellular calcium mobilization induced by ADP via inhibition of ADP binding to the P2Y1 receptor. In addition, oral administration of the extracts resulted in prolonged tail bleeding time in mice. The marked antiplatelet activity of the mushroom extracts involving the P2Y1 receptor suggests their potential therapeutic use against vascular disorders.
A 90-Day Subchronic Toxicity Study of Submerged Mycelial Culture of Cordyceps cicadae (Ascomycetes) in Rats
771-781
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i8.70
Yen-Lien
Chen
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
Shu-Hsing
Yeh
Grape King Biotechnology Inc., Chung-Li City, Taiwan
Ting-Wei
Lin
Grape King Biotechnology Inc., Chung-Li City, Taiwan
Chin-Chu
Chen
Grape King Bio Ltd., Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan; Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei City 104, Taiwan; Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan; Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
Chin-Shuh
Chen
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
Chia-Feng
Kuo
Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei, Taiwan
medicinal fungi and mushrooms
Cordyceps cicadae
Sprague-Dawley rats
90-day subchronic toxicity
Cordyceps cicadae is a parasitic fungus that hibernates inside a host (Cicada flammata Dist.) and then grows its fruiting body on the surface of the insect. The complete insect/fungus combination of C. cicadae has been widely applied in Chinese traditional medicine. Recent studies have demonstrated that the medicinal benefits of cultured mycelia are as effective as those found in the wild. However, toxicological information regarding the chronic consumption of C. cicadae mycelia culture is not available. This study was conducted to evaluate the possible toxicity arising from repeated exposure to freeze-dried submerged mycelial culture of C. cicadae for 90 days. A total of eighty 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups (10 males and 10 females in each group). C. cicadae was administered daily to animals by gavage at doses of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg body weight for 90 days. No animal deaths occurred and no treatment-related clinical signs were observed during the study period. No statistical differences in body weight gain, relative organ weight, hematology, serum chemistry, and urinalysis were observed. Gross necropsy and histopathological findings indicated that there was no treatment-related abnormality. Based on the results, the no observed adverse effect level of C. cicadae whole broth is determined to be > 2000 mg/kg for male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. The results of this study provides support for the use of C. cicadae fermentation product as a safe agent in functional food.
Bioinformatic Identification of Potential MicroRNAs and Their Targets in the Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Higher Basidiomycetes)
783-797
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i8.80
Dashuai
Mu
College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of
Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture,
Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; College of Marine Science, Shandong
University (Weihai), Weihai, People's Republic of China
Chenyang
Li
College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
Liang
Shi
College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
Xuchen
Zhang
College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
Ang
Ren
Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
Mingwen
Zhao
Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology
Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
medicinal mushrooms
Ganoderma lucidum
bioinformatics
microRNA
target gene
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, endogenous, noncoding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or the post-transcriptional level. Although a large number of miRNAs have been identified in many species, especially model plants and animals, miRNAs in fungi remain largely unknown. In this study, based on a database of expressed sequence tags in Ganoderma lucidum, 89 potential miRNAs were identified using computational methods. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of miRNA-like samples prepared from G. lucidum at different development stages revealed that miRNA-like RNAs were differentially expressed in different stages. Furthermore, a total of 28 potential targets were found based on near-perfect or perfect complementarity between the randomly selected 9 miRNA-like RNAs and the target sequences, and potential targets for G. lucidum miRNA-like RNAs were predicted. Finally, we studied the expression pattern of 4 target genes in 3 different development stages of G. lucidum to further understand the mechanism of interaction between miRNA-like RNAs and their target genes. Our analysis paves the way toward identifying fungal miRNA-like RNAs that might be involved in various physiological and cellular differentiation processes.