Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
17
12
2015
Did the Iceman Know Better? Screening of the Medicinal Properties of the Birch Polypore Medicinal Mushroom, Piptoporus betulinus (Higher Basidiomycetes)
1113-1125
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i12.10
Jovana
Vunduk
Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
Anita
Klaus
lnstitute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Maja
Kozarski
Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade, Serbia
Predrag
Petrovic
Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
Zeljko
Zizak
Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Miomir
Nikšić
Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Leonardus Johannes Lambertus Donatus
Van Griensven
Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Bornsesteeg 1, 6708PD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
medicinal mushrooms
angiotensin I−converting enzyme (ACE)
antioxidant activity
cytotoxic activity
Enterococcus faecalis
Iceman
Piptoporus betulinus
The birch polypore Piptoporus betulinus was among two mushrooms that were found in the Iceman's
bag. Recent studies indicated that P. betulinus was probably used as a religious and medicinal item. In order to
examine the medicinal potential of P. betulinus, hot water (HW), partially purified (PP), and alkali extract (HA) were prepared and tested for antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and angiotensin I−converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. All tested samples exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity, and HW appeared as the most effective (IC50 = 0.8
± 0.1 mg/ml for HeLa cells). HA proved to be a good 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenger and exhibited the strongest ferric-reducing power (EC50 = 0.07 ± 0.3 mg/ml). The same extract (HA) also expressed the strongest
ferric-reducing power (EC50 = 0.99 ± 0.1 mg/ml). Hot alkali extraction contributed significantly to ACE inhibitory activity (EC50 = 0.06 ± 0.00 mg/ml) and to antimicrobial activity, especially against highly resistant Enterococcus
faecalis (minimum inhibitory concentration: 0.156 ± 0.000 mg/ml; and minimum bactericidal concentration: 1.25 ± 0.00 mg/ml).
The Shaggy Ink Cap Medicinal Mushroom, Coprinus comatus (Higher Basidiomycetes) Extract Induces Apoptosis in Ovarian Cancer Cells via Extrinsic and Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathways
1127-1136
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i12.20
Amal
Rouhana-Toubi
Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Israel; Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College, Karmiel, Israel
Solomon P.
Wasser
International Centre for Biotechnology and Biodiversity of Fungi,
Institute of Evolution and Faculty of Natural Sciences,
University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
Fuad
Fares
Department of Human Biology,
Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Israel; Department of Molecular Genetics, Carmel
Medical Center, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
medicinal mushrooms
Coprinus comatus
apoptosis
cell cycle
ovarian cancer
medicinal mushrooms
caspases
In a previous study, ethyl acetate extract of Coprinus comatus was found to reduce viability of human
ovarian cancer cells. The objective of the current research was to clarify the mechanism of action of this extract.
Ovarian cancer cells (ES-2) were subjected to ethyl acetate extract of C. comatus for different concentrations or
exposure times. Cell cycle analysis and annexin V staining were performed using an automated flow cytometer.
DNA fragmentation was detected using the TUNEL assay. Western blot analysis was performed for the assessment
of activation of caspases -3, -8, and -9. Results revealed that treatment of ES-2 cells with ethyl acetate extract of
C. comatus (100 μ;g/ml medium), for 48 h or for 72 h resulted in an increased number of cells at the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle. These treatments also resulted in an increased number of apoptotic cells (positively stained by annexin and positively labeled by TUNEL), in comparison to the control. Reduced levels of procaspases -3, -8, and-9 were also detected in treated cells. In conclusion, ethyl acetate extract of C. comatus induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells (ES-2), via both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Meanwhile, more investigations are needed to demonstrate weather the apoptotic effect on ovarian cancer cells is accomplished by one active compound, or combined activities of different compounds that exist in the extract.
Protective Effects of Extract from Sclerotium of the King Tuber Medicinal Mushroom, Pleurotus tuberregium (Higher Basidiomycetes) on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Albino Rats
1137-1143
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i12.30
Chidube A.
Alagbaoso
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Edo State, Benin
Christopher C.
Osubor
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Edo State, Benin
Omoanghe S.
Isikhuemhen
Mushroom Biology and Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
medicinal mushrooms
antioxidant
carbon tetrachloride
lipid peroxidation
liver enzymes
Pleurotus tuberregium
This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of 50% ethanol extract from the sclerotia of Pleurotus
tuberregium on hepatocellular integrity of albino rats treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Activities of hepatic enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) were determined in serum. Antioxidant enzyme activities, total protein, and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) were assayed in liver homogenate from treated rats. Oral administration of CCl4 (2 ml/kg body weight/day) for 7 consecutive days caused
hepatotoxicity. There was a significant increase in the activity of serum ALT, AST, and ALP and the level of MDA in
the liver. However, the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, which are antioxidant enzymes, were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Concomitant treatment with 250 mg/kg body weight of extract and CCl4 for 7 consecutive days resulted in a significant decrease in the activity of liver marker enzymes [46% (ALT), 67.25% (AST), and 68.51% (ALP)]. These activities were further decreased [68.24% (ALT), 78.39% (AST), and 75.38% (ALP)] when the extract was increased to 500 mg/kg body weight. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, total protein, and MDA content of the liver were improved to levels that are not significantly different from the control. These findings, therefore, suggest that ethanol extract from the sclerotia of P. tuberregium has a protective action against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.
Antiproliferative Activity of Some Higher Mushrooms from Hungary against Human Cancer Cell Lines
1145-1149
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i12.40
Attila
Vanyolos
University of Szeged
Bernadett
Kovacs
Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Noemi
Bozsity
Department of Pharmacodynamics and
Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Istvan
Zupko
Department of Pharmacodynamics and
Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Judit
Hohmann
Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
medicinal mushrooms
antiproliferative activity
screening
In the present work, aqueous and organic extracts of 16 Basidiomycetes mushrooms and 1 Ascomycetes mushroom were investigated in vitro for their antiproliferative activity against HeLa (cervix epithelial adenocarcinoma), A431 (skin epidermoid carcinoma), A2780 (ovarian carcinoma), and MCF7 (breast epithelial adenocarcinoma) cells, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. A total of 68 n-hexane, chloroform,
50% methanol, and water extracts of selected species were screened for their potential cell growth inhibitory
activity. Our experiments revealed that 7 of 17 species demonstrated notable antiproliferative activity (at least 50% inhibition of cell proliferation) against one or more cell lines. Kuehneromyces mutabilis, Lactarius quietus, and Lentinellus cochleatus, which exerted the highest activity on cancer cells, are considered valuable species in the perspective of further mycochemical studies.
Simple and Reproducible Two-Stage Agitation Speed Control Strategy for Enhanced Triterpene Production by Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushrooms, Ganoderma lucidum ACCC G0119 (Higher Basidiomycetes) Based on Submerged Liquid Fermentation
1151-1159
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i12.50
Jie
Feng
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Na
Feng
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Yan
Yang
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of
Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
Fang
Liu
Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture, China. National Engineering
Research Center of Edible Fungi, and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, Institute
of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
Jingsong
Zhang
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Wei
Jia
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Chi-Chung
Lin
Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
medicinal mushrooms
Ganoderma lucidum
batch fermentation
triterpenes
two-stage control strategy
agitation speed
Triterpenes are important anticancer agents produced by batch submerged liquid fermentation, with
the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum ACCC G0119, which was investigated under various dissolved oxygen
levels by varying agitation speeds. Three kinetic parameters were analyzed: specific mycelial growth rate (μ;smg), specific glucose consumption rate (qsgc), and specific triterpene production rate (qstp). High concentration, yield, and productivity of triterpenes were achieved by developing a simple and reproducible two-stage agitation speed control strategy. At the first 40 h, agitation speed was controlled at 150 rpm to obtain the quickest peak qstp for triterpene production, subsequently agitation speed was controlled at 100 rpm to maintain high qstp for high triterpene accumulation. The maximum concentration of triterpenes reached 0.086 g/l with the yield of 6.072 g/kg and the productivity of 6.532 × 10−4 g/(l·h), which were 39.61%, 36.48%, and 49.22%, respectively, better than the best results controlled by fixed agitation speeds. Conceivably, such a triterpene fermentation production strategy would be useful for industrial
large-scale production of triterpenes with G. lucidum.
Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides in 14 Wild Mushroom Species from the Forest of Northeastern China
1161-1170
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i12.60
Lijian
Xu
College of Agricultural Resource and Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China; Department of Applied
Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Qinggui
Wang
College of Agricultural Resource and Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
Guiqiang
Wang
College of Agricultural Resource and Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
Jian-Yong
Wu
Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
medicinal and edible mushrooms
wild mushrooms
Lesser Khingan Range Forest
polysaccharides
antioxidant
anti-tyrosinase
This study aimed to evaluate the polysaccharide contents and antioxidant activities of 14 important wild mushroom species in the Lesser Khingan Range Forest of northeastern China. The fungal species were identified by morphology and DNA matching, belonging to six families: Polyporaceae (four species), Tricholomataceae (three), Russulaceae (three), Lepiotaceae (two), Lycoperdaceae (one), and Paxillaceae (one). Polysaccharides were isolated and partially purified from the water extract of each m ushroom by ethanol precipitation, deproteinization, and dialysis. Antioxidant activities of the mushroom polysaccharides were found to vary with both the species and the assay methods, and the highest three were from Handkea utriformis (535.8 μ;mol trolox/g), Macrolepiota mastoidea
(378.6), and Armillaria ostoyae (329.1) in radical scavenging; H. utriformis (5.94 mmol Fe/g), Lepista nuda (4.65), and A. ostoyae (4.42) in reducing power; and Armillariela cepistipes (484.6 μ;mol Fe2+/g), H. utriformis
(274.8), and M. mastoidea (202.5) in Fe2+ chelating. Several of the polysaccharides showed notable anti-tyrosinase
activities, and that of Chroogomphus rutilus was the most potent with an IC50 of 0.46 mg/ml. These wild mushrooms can be useful sources of polysaccharides as potential antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitors. This is the first systematic study on the wild mushroom species, as well as their polysaccharide contents and biological activities, from this forest.
Antioxidant Potential of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Higher Basidiomycetes) Cultivated on Artocarpus heterophyllus Sawdust Substrate in India
1171-1177
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i12.70
P.
Rani
Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Merlin Rajesh
Lal
Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Uma
Maheshwari
Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Sreeram
Krishnan
Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
medicinal mushrooms
Ganoderma lucidum
cultivation
dextrose
sawdust
free radical scavenging
DPPH
ABTS
FRAP
The artificial cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum (MTCC1039) using Artocarpus heterophyllus as sawdust substrate was optimized and free radical scavenging activities of the generated fruiting bodies were investigated. The choice of A. heterophyllus as substrate was due to its easy availability in South India. Sawdust supplemented
with dextrose medium yielded better spawn hyphae and early fruiting body initiation (15 days). The biological yield
obtained was 42.06 ± 2.14 g/packet and the biological efficiency was 8.41 ± 0.48%. Both aqueous and methanolic
extracts of fruiting body were analyzed for radical scavenging activity. Methanolic extract showed maximum
scavenging activity for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (IC50 = 290 μ;g/ml) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-
6-sulphonic acid (IC50 = 580 μ;g/ml), whereas aqueous extract had better scavenging for ferric reducing antioxidant power (IC50 = 5 μ;g/ml). Total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity were significantly higher in methanolic extract (p < 0.01). A positive correlation existed between the phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Our results indicated that fruiting bodies of G. lucidum cultivated in sawdust medium possess antioxidant property, which can be exploited for therapeutic application.
Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Two Wild Edible Mushrooms from Turkey
1179-1188
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i12.80
Suat
Ekin
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
Yusuf
Uzun
Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
Kenan
Demirel
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
Mahire
Bayramoglu
Section of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
Hatice
Kiziltas
Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
medicinal and edible mushrooms
trace element
minerals
antioxidant activity
Agaricus urinascens
Volvopluteus gloiocephala
The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant and antiradical activities in methanol extracts
of two edible mushrooms from Turkey, Agaricus urinascens (Jul. Schäff. & F.H. Møller) Singer and Volvopluteus
gloiocephala (DC.) Vizzini, Contu & Justo, as well as to examine trace elements (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Cd,
Pb), minerals (Mg, Ca, K, Na) and vitamin C content. The levels of trace elements and minerals were determined
by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Vitamin C and antioxidant properties were measured
with a spectrophotometer. According to the results, total antioxidant activity and phenolic and flavonoid contents of
A. urinascens and V. gloiocephala were 67.53 ± 2.54 mM ascorbic acid/g and 31.68 ± 2.27 mM ascorbic acid/g, 6.88 ±
0.31 mg GA/g and 5.22 ± 0.53 mg GA/g, and 3.80 ± 0.04 mg QE/g and 2.60 ± 0.20 mg QE/g, respectively. The findings of this study indicated that methanol extract of A. urinascens has a significant antioxidant activity and contents of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds. However, V. gloiocephala contains high levels of Ca, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and Na, whereas A. urinascens contains higher levels of Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn than that of V. gloiocephala.
Some trace elements that are in the compound of macrofungi may contribute the antioxidant capacity of macrofungi.
A. urinascens has the ability to accumulate some heavy metals that prevent environmental metal pollution and can be used as a biomonitor. A. urinascens is expected to be used as an antioxidant in future studies of experimental animal models, against free radicals generated in response to oxidative stress.
Immune-Modulating Activity of Extract Prepared from Mycelial Culture of Chinese Caterpillar Mushroom, Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ascomycetes)
1189-1199
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i12.90
Sun-Hee
Jang
Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University,
Jeonju, Korea
Sae-Hae
Kim
Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University,
Jeonju, Korea; Department of Bioactive Materials and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National
University, Jeonju, Korea
Ha-Yan
Lee
Department of Bioactive Materials and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National
University, Jeonju, Korea
Seung-Hwan
Jang
Chebigen Inc., Jeonju, Korea
Hyonseok
Jang
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University
Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
Soo-Wan
Chae
Department of Pharmacology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju,
Korea; Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
Su-Jin
Jung
Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
Byung-Ok
So
Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
Ki-Chan
Ha
Healthcare Claims & Management Inc., Jeonju, Korea
Hong-Sig
Sin
Chebigen Inc., Jeonju, Korea
Yong-Suk
Jang
Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University,
Jeonju, Korea; Department of Bioactive Materials and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
medicinal mushrooms
Ophiocordyceps sinensis
immune modulation
mycelial extract
NK cell
inflammation
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a natural fungus that has been valued as a health food and traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. The fungus is parasitic and colonizes insect larva. Naturally occurring O. sinensis thrives at high altitude in cold and grassy alpine meadows on the Himalayan mountain ranges. Wild O. sinensis is becoming increasingly rare in its natural habitats, and its price is out of reach for clinical practice. For these reasons, development of a standardized alternative is a great focus of research to allow the use of O. sinensis as a medicine.
To develop an alternative for wild O. sinensis, a refined standardized extract, CBG-CS-2, was produced by artificial fermentation and extraction of the mycelial strain Paecilomyces hepiali CBG-CS-1, which originated from wild O. sinensis. In this study, we analyzed the in vivo immune-modulating effect of CBG-CS-2 in mice. Oral administration of CBG-CS-2 supported splenocyte stimulation and enhanced Th1-type cytokine expression from the splenocytes.
Importantly, the same treatment significantly enhanced the natural killer cell activity of the splenocytes. Finally, oral administration of CBG-CS-2 enhanced the potential for inflammatory responses. Together, these findings indicate that the mycelial culture extract prepared from O. sinensis exhibited immune-modulating activity and suggest its possible use in the treatment of diseases caused by abnormal immune function.
INDEX VOLUME 17
1200-1213
10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i12.100