Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
16
3
2014
Antidiabetic Potential of Polysaccharides from the White Oyster Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Pleurotus florida (Higher Basidiomycetes)
207-217
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v16.i3.10
Aditya
Ganeshpurkar
Drug Discovery Laboratory, Shri Ram Institute of Technology−Pharmacy, Jabalpur, M.P., India
Seema
Kohli
Department of Pharmacy, Kelaniketan Polytechnic College, Jabalpur, M.P., India
Gopal
Rai
Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ramdas Khalsa Institute of Science & Technology, Jabalpur, M.P., India
medicinal mushrooms
Pleurotus florida polysaccharides
hyperglycemia
hypercholesteremia
diabetes mellitus
This study was designed to examine the antihyperglycemic potential of the polysaccharide fraction of Pleurotus florida. Hyperglycemia was induced by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg intraperitoneal). Single- and multiple-dose studies were performed to assess the antihyperglycemic potential of the P. florida polysaccharides (PFPs). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guideline 423 was followed to study the acute toxicity of PFP. PFP was found to be nontoxic up to 4000 mg/kg. In this investigation, 200- and 400-mg/kg doses of PFP were used. Blood glucose, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, urine glucose and ketones, and glycosylated hemoglobin were estimated, and biological markers were determined. Treatment with PFP (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly lowered glucose concentrations compared to the control group. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and urine glucose and ketones in animals treated with PFP also decreased. There was a significant decrease in the concentrations of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, whereas concentrations of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and reduced glutathione were restored. Therefore, these results suggest that PFPs may ameliorate hyperglycemia and hypercholesteremia associated with diabetes. Thus PFPs could be used as adjunct therapy along with first-line therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The Effects of the King Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus eryngii (Higher Basidiomycetes) on Glycemic Control in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice
219-225
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v16.i3.20
Jian-Ping
Li
Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Additive Hospital of College Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Ya-li
Lei
Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Additive Hospital of College Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Huan
Zhan
Institute of Nonlinear Science, Academy of Armored Force Engineering, Beijing, China
medicinal mushrooms
Pleurotus eryngii
glycemic metabolism
alloxan
diabetes mellitus
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Pleurotus eryngii on glycemic metabolism. Alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice were used to study the effects of P. eryngii on blood glucose, glycohemoglobin, insulin secretion, damaged pancreatic β-cells, total antioxidant status (TAOS), and hepatic glycogen in hyperglycemic mice. Sixty diabetic mice were divided equally into 5 groups: the alloxan (AX)-induced hyperglycemic group, the AX and glibenclamide (GLI)−treated group, the AX and P. eryngii extracts (PEEs) 50−treated group (PEE 50 mg/kg), the AX and PEE100−treated group (PEE 100 mg/kg), and the AX and PEE200−treated group (PEE 200 mg/kg). The other 12 normal mice were injected intravenously with the normal saline and used as the control group. After PEE (100 and 200 mg/kg) was orally administered to the mice over 5 weeks, blood glucose and HbAlc were significantly decreased in AX-induced hyperglycemic mice (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), whereas the level of insulin secretion was markedly elevated in (P < 0.05). The pancreatic β-cells damaged by AX partially and gradually recovered after PPE extract was administered to the hyperglycemic mice for 35 days. In addition, PEE treatment gradually increased the body weight and significantly increased the concentration of hepatic glycogen in hyperglycemic mice (P < 0.05). The results suggest that the action of PPE on glycemic metabolism occurs via increasing glycogen and insulin concentrations as well as recovering injured β-cells and reducing free radical damage. PPE may become a new potential hypoglycemic food for hyperglycemic people.
Medicinal and Antimicrobial Role of the Oyster Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Higher Basidiomycetes) Cultivated on Banana Agrowastes in India
227-238
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v16.i3.30
Prashant D.
Kunjadia
Department of Biotechnology, M. B. Patel Science College, Anand, India; B. N. Patel Institute of Paramedical and Science, Anand
Anju
Nagee
Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Parth Y.
Pandya
Department of Biotechnology, M. B. Patel Science College, Anand, India
Pratap N.
Mukhopadhyaya
Department of Biotechnology, GeneOmbio Technologies, Krishna Chambers, Pune, India
Gaurav V.
Sanghvi
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India; Max Planck Institute of Developmental Biology, Tubingen, Germany
Gaurav S.
Dave
Department of Biochemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
medicinal mushrooms
Pleurotus ostreatus
antioxidant
antimicrobial
biodegradation
Oyster mushrooms, species of the genus Pleurotus, are recognized for producing secondary metabolites with important medicinal properties. Investigations were carried out to evaluate the antioxidative and antimicrobial properties of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (MTCC142) extracts cultivated on banana agrowastes. Ethanolic extracts showed antimicrobial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and their in vitro antifungal activities against all fungi tested revealed a promising role. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of Pleurotus grown on yeast dextrose broth and banana agrowaste confirmed the presence of steroids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and alkaloids, whereas ethanolic extract after 40 days exhibited a phenol concentration of 521.67 µg/mL in banana waste compared to 155 µg/mL in yeast dextrose broth. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic extracts ranged from 19.74 to 56.84 mg/mL and 35.53 to 102.31 mg/mL in solid-state and submerged grown mycelium extracts, respectively, after 40 days. Moreover, banana agrowaste could be a significant economic source for the production of the oyster mushroom P. ostreatus. The nutritive, medicinal, and antimicrobial properties of P. ostreatus can be used to develop a new nutraceutical formulation; it can also be used as an additive to routine and fast food.
In Vitro Anti-proliferative Effects on NB4 Human Leukemia Cells and Physicochemical Screening of Pleurotus sp. (Higher Basidiomycetes) Mycelia from Cuba
239-245
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v16.i3.40
Humberto J.
Morris
Centre of Studies for Industrial Biotechnology, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
Edgar
Hernandez
Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba 5. CP 90 500, Cuba
Gabriel
Llaurado
Centre of Studies for Industrial Biotechnology, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
Maria Cristina
Tejedor
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Pilar
Sancho
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Angel
Herraez
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Maria del Carmen
Boyano-Adanez
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Ana Isabel
Garcia-Perez
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Jose Carlos
Diez
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
medicinal mushrooms
Pleurotus
anti-proliferative
apoptosis
functional foods
leukemia
mycelia
This study examined the phytochemical profile and the in vitro anti-proliferative effects of a hot water mycelial extract from the edible mushroom Pleurotus sp. on NB4 human leukemia cells. Flow-cytometry analyses were used to measure cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis in cells incubated 24 h with the extract at doses of 100 and 200 µg/mL. Pleurotus sp. extract reduced cell viability, particularly at the concentration of 200 µg/mL to 82% compared to control cells, and induced apoptosis demonstrated by an increase in the number of annexin V-FITC+ cells (25% at 200 µg/mL). The NB4 cells were arrested in the G2/M phase thus supporting a cell-cycle dependent anticancer mechanism. Although carbohydrates (76.8%, w/w) appear to be the most important antitumor compound, secondary metabolites-like phenolics would also contribute to the anti-proliferative activity. The results indicate that Pleurotus sp. mycelia obtained by submerged fermentation may be an interesting renewable resource for developing functional foods and new antitumor therapeutic agents.
Isolation and Purification of a Polysaccharide from the Caterpillar Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes) Fruit Bodies and Its Immunomodulation of RAW 264.7 Macrophages
247-257
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v16.i3.50
Lina
Zhu
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
Qingjiu
Tang
Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
Shuai
Zhou
Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
Yanfang
Liu
Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
Zhong
Zhang
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of
Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
Xinhua
Gao
Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
Shiping
Wang
School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Zhaolong
Wang
School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
medicinal mushrooms
Cordyceps militaris
polysaccharide
monosaccharide composition
immunostimulating activity
A novel polysaccharide (CP2-S) was purified from Cordyceps militaris fruit bodies by hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-400 high-resolution chromatography. The polysaccharide had a molecular weight of 5.938 × 106 g/mol and was mainly composed of glucose. CP2-S had carbohydrate content estimated to be 100% using the phenol-sulfuric acid method. Immunostimulating experiments in vitro indicated that CP2-S could stimulate nitric oxide production, phagocytosis, respiratory burst activity, and secretion of interleukin-1β and interleukin-2 of macrophages, suggesting that this water-soluble polysaccharide from the fruit body of C. militaris is a natural immunostimulating polysaccharide with potential for further application.
Solid-substrate Fermentation of Wheat Grains by Mycelia of Indigenous Species of the Genus Ganoderma (Higher Basidiomycetes) to Enhance the Antioxidant Activities
259-267
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v16.i3.60
Sarasvathy
Subramaniam
Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Vikineswary
Sabaratnam
Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute of
Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Umah Rani
Kuppusamy
Mushroom Research Center, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Yee Shin
Tan
Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Mushroom Research Centre, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
medicinal mushrooms
solid-substrate fermentation
wheat
antioxidant activity
species of genus Ganoderma
total phenolic content
Species of the genus Ganoderma are a cosmopolitan wood decaying white rot fungi, which has been used by the Asians for therapeutic purposes for centuries. In the present study, solid-substrate fermentation (SSF) of wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.) was carried out with indigenous Ganoderma australe (KUM60813) and G. neo-japonicum (KUM61076) selected based on ethnomycological knowledge. G. lucidum (VITA GL) (a commercial strain) was also included in the study. Antioxidant activities of the crude ethanol and aqueous extracts of the fermented and unfermented wheat grains were investigated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability, and lipid peroxidation assay. Among the six mycelia extracts tested, the ethanol extract from wheat fermented with KUM61076 mycelia showed the most potent antioxidant activities, whereas the ethanol extract of wheat grains fermented with KUM60813 mycelia has a good potential in protecting frying oils against oxidation. Total phenolic content (TPC) in the ethanol extracts were higher than that in the aqueous extract. The wheat grains fermented with G. australe (KUM60813) and G. neo-japonicum KUM61076 have greater antioxidant potential compared to the commercially available G. lucidum (VITA GL). The antioxidant activities of the mycelia extracts had a positive correlation with their phenolic contents. Thus phenolic compounds may play a vital role in the antioxidant activities of the selected Ganoderma spp.
Dog Intoxication by Lizard's Claw Mushroom, Lysurus cruciatus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in Southern Brazil
269-271
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v16.i3.70
Vagner G.
Cortez
Graduate Program in Botany, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
Maria G.
Rossoni
Centro de Informacoes Toxicologicas−CIT-RS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
poisonous and medicinal mushrooms
mycetism
Lysurus cruciatus
veterinary toxicology
A case of mushroom poisoning of a dog caused by a phalloid fungus is reported for the first time. The phalloid caused gastrointestinal syndrome in a 1-year-old dog, and was identified as Lysurus cruciatus, a common phalloid fungus in southern Brazil.
Chemical Composition and Nutritional and Medicinal Value of Fruit Bodies and Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Culinary-Medicinal Higher Basidiomycetes Mushrooms
273-291
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v16.i3.80
Nachshol
Cohen
Mycolivia Ltd., Kfar Yedidia, Israel
Jacob
Cohen
Mycolivia Ltd., Kfar Yedidia, Israel
Mikheil D.
Asatiani
The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology,
Agricultural University of Georgia,
240 David Agmashenebeli Alley, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
Vinay K.
Varshney
Chemistry Division, Forest Research Institute,
PO New Forest, Dehra Dun 248 006, India
Hui-Tzu
Yu
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung; NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Program, Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
Yi-Chi
Yang
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Yu-Hsuan
Li
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung; NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Program, Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
Jeng-Leun
Mau
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
Solomon P.
Wasser
International Centre for Biotechnology and Biodiversity of Fungi,
Institute of Evolution and Faculty of Natural Sciences,
University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
medicinal mushrooms
fruiting body
mycelium
proximate composition
amino acids
fatty acids
macroelements
microelements
lovastatin
γ-aminobuthiric acid (GABA)
ergothioneine
cordycepin
This research gives the results of a proximate analysis (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy); a bioactive compounds analysis (γ−aminobutyric acid [GABA], ergothioneine, lovastatin, and cordycepin); fatty acid and amino acid analysis; and an analysis of macro- and microelement content of fruit bodies and mycelia of 15 higher Basidiomycetes medicinal mushroom strains belonging to 12 species. The results obtained demonstrate that almost all investigated mushrooms were found to be good sources of proteins and carbohydrates, with content varying in the ranges of 8.6−42.5% and 42.9−83.6%, respectively. Different species exhibited distinct free amino acid profiles. The total amino acid content was highest in Ophiocordyceps sinensis (MB) (23.84 mg/g) and Cordyceps militaris (FB) (23.69 mg/g). The quantification of the identified fatty acids indicated that, in general, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids. The micro- and macroelement compositions were studied, and the highest results were (as milligrams per kilogram) 224−7307 for calcium, 1668−38564 for potassium, 1091−11676 for phosphorus, and 5−97 for zinc. Bioactive components were lovastatin, GABA, and ergothioneine, which are commonly found in most mushrooms. C. militaris (FB), Pleurotus ostreatus (FB), and Coprinus comatus (FB) were most abundant and contained a high amount of GABA (756.30 μ;g/g, 1304.99 μ;g/g, 1092.45 μ;g/g, respectively) and ergothioneine (409.88 μ;g/g, 2443.53 μ;g/g, 764.35 μ;g/g, respectively). The highest lovastatin content was observed in Hericium erinaceus (FB) (14.38 μ;g/g) and Ganoderma lucidum (FB) (11.54 μ;g/g). In contrast to C. militaris (FB), cordycepin was not detected in O. sinensis (MB). The fruit body biomass of C. militaris cordycepin content reached 1.743 mg/g dry weight. The nutritional values of the mushroom species studied here could potentially be used in well-balanced diets and as sources of bioactive compounds.
The Optimum Submerged Culture Condition of the Culinary-Medicinal White Jelly Mushroom (Tremellomycetes) and Its Antioxidant Properties
293-302
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v16.i3.90
Jessica Krisanti
Gusman
Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
Chien-Yih
Lin
Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
Yang-Chia
Shih
Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
medicinal mushrooms
white jelly mushroom
Tremella fuciformis
exopolysaccharide
fermentation
submerged culture
antioxidant
Tremella fuciformis is a natural edible and medicinal mushroom commercially available in Taiwan. In this study, the effects of initial pH, incubation time, and various media to optimize exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by T. fuciformis were evaluated in shake flasks and a bioreactor. The antioxidant properties were investigated. The results showed that using potato dextrose broth medium (pH 9) and a 48-hour incubation time in a shake flask was the most efficient condition from which to obtain maximum EPS. However, the quantity of EPS from different initial pH values (5−9) was not significantly different. Total polyphenol and β−glucan contents from every EPS sample (pH 5−9) were evaluated. T. fuciformis polysaccharides (10 mg/mL, pH 9) could scavenge 40.63% of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals. The chelating abilities of ferrous ion of all extracts reached more than 80%. EPS extract from the initial pH value of 9 showed the highest reducing power among the other pH values (half maximal effective concentration = 5.97 mg/mL). The EPS from T. fuciformis was noncytotoxic to mouse skin fibroblasts (NIH/3T3), and survival rates were more than 100% using MTT assay. The samples were used to analyze the scavenging activity against oxidative damage induced by ultraviolet B radiation and hydrogen peroxide. The results showed the antioxidant activity occurred in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Furthermore, these findings prove that the EPS of T. fuciformis from submerged culture possess antioxidant properties and can be used as an alternative treatment for cell protection.
The 8th International Medicinal Mushroom Conference, August 2015 (Manizales, Colombia)
303
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v16.i3.100