Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
15
6
2013
The Merit of Medicinal Mushrooms from a Pharmaceutical Point of View
517-523
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v15.i6.10
Ulrike
Lindequist
Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn Str. 17, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
medicinal mushrooms
drug authorization
market access
Europe
Whereas pharmaceuticals prepared by extraction of medicinal plants constitute an important part of evidence-based medicine also in the Western Hemisphere, medicinal mushrooms are mainly used as dietary supplements without declaration of a medical indication. Scientific investigations and case studies from Asian medicine show that fungi have very promising pharmacological potential. This article provides an overview of the principles of authorization and market access of herbal drugs in Europe, with special reference to Germany. The current status regarding mushrooms is reported, with an aim toward supporting the development of legalized pharmaceutical preparations of medicinal mushrooms in Europe.
Oral Administration of Soluble β-Glucan Preparation from the Cauliflower Mushroom, Sparassis crispa (Higher Basidiomycetes) Modulated Cytokine Production in Mice
525-538
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v15.i6.20
Toshie H.
Hida
Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
Hiromi
Kawaminami
Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
Ken-ichi
Ishibashi
Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
Noriko N.
Miura
Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
Yoshiyuki
Adachi
Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
Naohito
Ohno
Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
medicinal mushrooms
β-glucan
chlorpromazine
cytokine production
Sparassis crispa
interferon gamma
interleukin
lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1
tumor necrosis factor-α
Soluble β-glucan preparation from the cold NaOH extract of Sparassis crispa (SCG) is a six-branched 1,3-β-D-glucan that is a major cell-wall structural component in fungi. Leukocytes from DBA/2 mice are highly sensitive to SCG, producing cytokines in vitro. We previously reported that the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of β-glucan decreased cytokine induction by SCG in vitro in DBA/2 mice. In this study, we examined the effects of the oral (p.o.) administration of polysaccharide fractions extracted from S. crispa, using hot water (SCHWE), a β-glucan from S. crispa, to DBA/2 mice on cytokine induction by SCG in the spleen in vitro. The level of induction of IFN-γ and GM-CSF by SCG was significantly increased in SCHWE-treated mice. This activity was more clearly observed when chlorpromazine was administered as a pretreatment in SCHWE-treated mice. The production of GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and IL-6 by immune cells in Peyer's patches was higher in SCHWE-treated mice than in control mice. These results suggest that orally administered β-glucan may modulate cytokine induction by SCG in the spleen through the activation of Peyer's patches.#947; and GM-CSF by SCG was significantly increased in SCHWE-treated mice. This activity was more clearly observed when chlorpromazine was administered as a pretreatment in SCHWE-treated mice. The production of GM-CSF, IFN-
Neurotrophic Properties of the Lion's Mane Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia
539-554
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v15.i6.30
Puei-Lene
Lai
Mushroom Research Centre, Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Murali
Naidu
Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Vikineswary
Sabaratnam
Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute of
Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Kah-Hui
Wong
Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Rosie Pamela
David
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Umah Rani
Kuppusamy
Mushroom Research Center, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Noorlidah
Abdullah
Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
Sri Nurestri Abdul
Malek
Mushroom Research Centre, Fungal Biotechnology Lab.; Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
medicinal mushrooms
Hericium erinaceus combination
cytotoxicity
enhancement
extracellular NGF
medicinal mushroom
neurite outgrowth
neurofilament
oxidative stress
Neurotrophic factors are important in promoting the growth and differentiation of neurons. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is essential for the maintenance of the basal forebrain cholinergic system. Hericenones and erinacines isolated from the medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus can induce NGF synthesis in nerve cells. In this study, we evaluated the synergistic interaction between H. erinaceus aqueous extract and exogenous NGF on the neurite outgrowth stimulation of neuroblastoma-glioma cell NG108-15. The neuroprotective effect of the mushroom extract toward oxidative stress was also studied. Aqueous extract of H. erinaceus was shown to be non-cytotoxic to human lung fibroblast MRC-5 and NG108-15 cells. The combination of 10 ng/mL NGF with 1 μ;g/mL mushroom extract yielded the highest percentage increase of 60.6% neurite outgrowth. The extract contained neuroactive compounds that induced the secretion of extracellular NGF in NG108-15 cells, thereby promoting neurite outgrowth activity. However, the H. erinaceus extract failed to protect NG108-15 cells subjected to oxidative stress when applied in pre-treatment and co-treatment modes. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of H. erinaceus contained neuroactive compounds which induced NGF-synthesis and promoted neurite outgrowth in NG108-15 cells. The extract also enhanced the neurite outgrowth stimulation activity of NGF when applied in combination. The aqueous preparation of H. erinaceus had neurotrophic but not neuroprotective activities.H. erinaceus
Anticonvulsant and Neuroprotective Effects of Oligosaccharides from Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Higher Basidiomycetes)
555-568
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v15.i6.40
Isaac
Tello
Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
Victoria
Campos-Pena
Laboratorio de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia, MVS, SSA. Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama 14269 Distrito Federal, México
Elizur
Montiel-Arcos
Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
Veronica
Rodriguez
Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
Alma
Aguirre-Moreno
Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
Ismael
Leon-Rivera
Centro de Investigaciones Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. www.ciq.uaem.mx/
Federico
del Rio-Portilla
Instituto de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan 04510, Distrito Federal, México
Maribel
Herrera-Ruiz
Centro de Investigacion Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina 1 Col. Centro, 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, México
Juana
Villeda-Hernandez
Laboratorio Experimental de Neuropatologia, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia, MVS, SSA. Insurgentes Sur 3877, Col. La Fama 14269 Distrito Federal, México
medicinal mushrooms
Lingzhi or Reishi mushroom
Ganoderma lucidum
oligosaccharide
neuroprotective
anticonvulsant
An oligosaccharide fraction isolated from the mycelium of the Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (GLOS) was separated by size-exclusion chromatography. The chemical structure of GLOS consists of a disaccharide repeating unit [-4-β-1-Galf(1-6)-O-(β-Glcp)−1-]n (n=3,4). In addition, this study was undertaken to determine the possible anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of GLOS (10−80 mg/kg) on kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures. The behavioral alterations and histopathology of hippocampal neurons were studied. Our results show that GLOS inhibited convulsions in rats from KA-induced seizures, reduced the degeneration pattern in the CA3 region of rats, decreased astrocytic reactivity, and reduced the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α induced by KA. These results indicate a potential anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of GLOS.
Antioxidant Potential and Antioxidant Compounds of Extracts from the Medicinal Sulphur Polypore, Laetiporus sulphureus (Higher Basidiomycetes) in Submerged Cultures
569-582
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v15.i6.50
Ming-Yeou
Lung
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsin Fong, Hsin Chu, Taiwan 304, R.O.C.
Wei Zhong
Huang
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsin Fong, Hsin Chu, Taiwan 304, R.O.C.
medicinal mushrooms
Laetiporus sulphureus
submerged culture
antioxidant property
antioxidant components
Fermented products, dried mycelia broth, and mycelia-free broth of Laetiporus sulphureus submerged cultures were extracted with ethanol and hot water under optimal culture conditions and investigated for their antioxidant properties. Ethanolic extracts from dried mycelia broth (EEM) and mycelia-free broth (EEB) and hot water extracts from dried mycelia (HWEM) show extraordinary antioxidant properties for all EC50 values below 10 mg/mL except for EEM, as measured by the scavenging effects on DPPH radicals and chelating effects on ferrous ions. Ascorbic acid is rich in EEB and α-tocopherol, and total flavonoids are abundant in EEM. Total phenols are mainly found in EEB and HWEM. There is a high correlation between total phenol content and EC50 values. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the reducing power is 0.994; the R2 of the scavenging effect on DPPH radicals is 0.992; the R2 of the chelating effects on ferrous ions is 0.949; and the R2 of the scavenging effect on superoxide anions is 0.995. These results suggest that extracts of L. sulphureus fermented products are of considerable application potential in antioxidant-related pharmaceutical industries.
Isolation and Characterization of a Glucan-Type Polysaccharide from the Red Pine Mushroom, Lactarius deliciosus (Higher Basidiomycetes)
583-589
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v15.i6.60
Ana
Villares
Centro para la Calidad de los Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Universitario Duques de Soria, c/ Jose Tudela s/n, 42004, Soria, Spain
medicinal and edible mushrooms
Lactarius deliciosus
red pine mushroom
polysaccharides
glucan
NMR.
A novel glucan-type polysaccharide has been isolated from the fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Lactarius deliciosus. Two successive extractions (cold aqueous extraction at 25°C and hot aqueous extraction at 100°C) were performed, and the same polysaccharide was obtained in both fractions. The purity of the polysaccharide was evaluated by size exclusion chromatography. The SEC chromatogram showed a unique peak with a molecular weight of approximately 150 kDa. Analysis of the chain composition revealed that the polysaccharide was composed of glucose. Methylation analysis and NMR experiments showed that the glucan-type carbohydrate contained a main chain consisting of α-(1→3)-Glcp units with α-(1→4)-linked branches every sixth glucose residue.
Antibacterial Activity of Mediterranean Oyster Mushrooms, Species of Genus Pleurotus (Higher Basidiomycetes)
591-594
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v15.i6.70
Domenico
Schillaci
Department STEBICEF, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Vincenzo
Arizza
Department STEBICEF, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Euro Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
Maria Letizia
Gargano
Departament of Schol, Plant, and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola, 165/A – 70126 Bari, Italy
Giuseppe
Venturella
Italian Society of Medicinal Mushrooms, Pisa, Italy; Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
medicinal mushrooms
antibacterial activity
Pleurotus
human pathogens
Extracts of the Mediterranean culinary-medicinal Oyster mushrooms Pleurotus eryngii var. eryngii, P. eryngii var. ferulae, P. eryngii var. elaeoselini, and P. nebrodensis were tested for their in vitro growth inhibitory activity against a group of bacterial reference strains of medical relevance: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, S. epidermidis RP62A, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, and Escherichia coli ATCC10536. All of the Pleurotus species analyzed inhibited the tested microorganisms in varying degrees. The data included in this paper for P. nebrodensis and P. eryngii var. elaeoselinii are new reports.
Enhanced Mycelial Biomass Production of the Hairy Bracket Mushroom, Trametes hirsuta (Higher Basidiomycetes), by Optimizing Medium Component with Plackett−Burman Design and Response Surface Methodology
595-605
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v15.i6.80
Rongling
Yang
Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
Xueming
Liu
Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
Xiangjie
Zhao
Sericulture and Agro-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
Yujuan
Xu
Sericulture and Agro-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China
Rongxia
Ma
Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
medicinal mushrooms
mycelial biomass
Trametes hirsuta
medium component
Plackett-Burman design
response surface methodology
optimization
Statistical analyses based on experimental designs were applied to optimize the medium components for mycelial biomass production by Trametes hirsuta in shake flask cultivation. First, the effects of different carbon resources (glucose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, fructose, soluble starch and potato), nitrogen resources (yeast extract, peptone, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, NH4Cl, peanut powder, soybean powder) and mineral elements (CaCl2, ZnSO4·7H2O, FeSO4·7H2O, MnSO4·H2O, CuSO4·7H2O) on mycelial biomass production were investigated using a univariate design. Second, a Plackett−Burman design was applied to identify the significant variables that principally influenced the mycelial biomass production, and the path of steepest ascent was pursued to approach the regions of optimal value of the significant variables. Subsequently, these significant variables were optimized using the Box−Behnken design of response surface methodology. Ultimately, the optimized medium conditions were composed of sucrose 25.65 g·L−1, MgSO4·7H2O 1.24 g·L−1, and FeSO4·7H2O 3.36 g·L−1, and the yield of mycelial biomass reached 15.45 g·L−1, which represents an approximately 1.6-fold increase above the initial yield.
The Japanese Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Psilocybe and a New Synonym of P. subcaerulipes with Three Asiatic Species Belong to Section Zapotecorum (Higher Basidiomycetes)
607-615
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v15.i6.90
Gastón
Guzmán
Instituto de Ecologia, Apartada Postal 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91000, Mexico
Alonso
Cortes-Perez
Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
Florencia
Ramirez-Guillén
Instituto de Ecologia, Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico
medicinal and hallucinogenic mushrooms
neurotropic fungi
Japan
Taiwan
Thailand
The subtropical Japanese bluing mushroom Psilocybe subcaerulipes, described by Hongo, has several synonyms: P. argentipes by Yokoyama (also from Japan), P. taiwanensis by Guzman and Yang (from Taiwan), and P. thaizapoteca by Guzman, Ramirez-Guillen, and Karunaratna (from Thailand). The study of the holotypes and others specimens of these mushrooms shows that they have basidiospores, pleurocystidia, cheilocystidia, and several other important taxonomic features in common, as well as habitat. Recent discussions of all Japanese hallucinogenic species of Psilocybe and their neurotropic effects are also considered.
Index to Volume 15
617-626
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v15.i6.100