Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
13
4
2011
Supplementation with a Soluble Beta-Glucan Exported from Shiitake Medicinal Mushroom, Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer Mycelium: a Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Study in Healthy Elderly
319-326
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i4.10
Jean-Michel
Gaullier
Link Medical Research AS, POBox 4382 Nydalen, 0402 Oslo, Norway
Jowita
Sleboda
Link Medical Research AS, POBox 4382 Nydalen, 0402 Oslo, Norway
Erik Snorre
Ofjord
CENCLIN, Gamlehaugsveien 20, N-5231 Paradis, Norway
Elling
Ulvestad
Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Haukeland hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
Minna
Nurminiemi
Link Medical Research AS, POBox 4382 Nydalen, 0402 Oslo, Norway
Cecilie
Moe
Link Medical Research AS, POBox 4382 Nydalen, 0402 Oslo, Norway
Tor
Albrektsen
Glycanova
Ola
Gudmundsen
Link Medical Research AS, POBox 4382 Nydalen, 0402 Oslo, Norway
medicinal mushrooms
Shiitake mushroom
Lentinus edodes
Lentinex®
beta-glucan
elderly
immune response
B-cells
NK-cells
Lentinus edodes (Shiitake) is a medicinal mushroom with a long tradition of use in Asia. The major active substance in L. edodes is a (1-6,1-3)-beta-glucan (lentinan). No clinical controlled studies have yet investigated the effect of orally administered lentinan on the immune response in healthy, elderly Caucasian subjects. We evaluated the effect and the safety of a beta-glucan from L. edodes mycelium, Lentinex®, in healthy, elderly subjects in a double blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. Forty-two subjects were randomly allocated to two groups given orally either 2.5 mg/day Lentinex® or placebo for 6 weeks; then after a washout period of 4 weeks, the alternate supplementation was given for 6 weeks. The changes in the number of B-cells were significantly different between the groups. The number of NK cells increased significantly in both groups, but there was no significant difference between the groups. Other factors of the immune response (immunoglobulins, complement proteins, cytokines) were not altered. The safety blood variables (differential cell count, liver function, kidney function, and other blood chemistry) were not influenced by Lentinex®, and the number, nature, and severity of adverse events were similar to placebo. Lentinex® given orally to elderly subjects was safe and induced an increase in the number of circulating B-cells.
Chemical Screening and Identification of High Cordycepin Containing Cultured Isolate(s) of Medicinal Chinese Caterpillar Mushroom, Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung et al.
327-333
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i4.20
Vinay K.
Varshney
Chemistry Division, Forest Research Institute,
PO New Forest, Dehra Dun 248 006, India
Amit
Pandey
Forest Pathology Division, Forest Research Institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehra Dun 248 006, India
Arvind
Kumar
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
Divyadhara
Rathod
Forest Pathology Division, Forest Research Institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehra Dun 248 006, India
Pooja
Kannojia
Forest Pathology Division, Forest Research Institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehra Dun 248 006, India
medicinal mushrooms
Ophiocordyceps sinensis
cordycepin
cultivation
Echinochloa crusgalli
HPTLC
Forty isolates of Ophiocordyceps sinensis collected from Himalayan alpine meadows of Uttarakhand, India, and cultivated on Jhangora (Echinochloa crusgalli) grains were screened to identify the isolate(s) of high cordycepin content. The cultured mycelia were extracted with 50% methanol-chloroform and analyzed by HPTLC using chloroform:methanol (6:1 v/v) as mobile phase and densitometry scanning at 263 nm. Cordycepin varied from 0.002% to 0.029% was detected in twenty-one isolates. Compared to natural O. sinensis (0.004%, 0.006%), cordycepin was determined to be enhanced in twelve cultured samples.
Comparative Study of Wild Edible Mushrooms as Sources of Antioxidants
335-341
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i4.30
Anna M.
Witkowska
Medical University
Matgorzata E.
Zujko
Department of Food Commodities Science and Technology, Medical University, Mieszka I 4B, 15-054 Biatystok, Poland
Iwona
Mironczuk-Chodakowska
Department of Food Commodities Science and Technology, Medical University, Mieszka I 4B, 15-054 Biatystok, Poland
medicinal mushrooms
wild edible mushrooms
antioxidant activity
polyphenols
The purpose of the study was to explore sixteen of the most popular edible species of wild-growing mushrooms as potential sources of antioxidants. Among the mushrooms tested, the highest total polyphenol contents, exceeding 100 mg/100 g fresh mass, were found in five mushrooms: Boletus chrysenteron, B. edulis, Leccinum scabrum, L. aurantiacum, and Macrolepiota procera. Antioxidant activity was measured with the FRAP, TEAC, DPPH scavenging ability and ferrous ions chelating ability assays. Results of the study show that wild mushrooms vary according to their antioxidant properties. The highest FRAP potentials, exceeding 1 mmol/100 g, were found in five species of Boletales: Boletus edulis, B. chrysenteron, Leccinum scabrum, L. aurantiacum, and Suillus grevillei. TEAC values were from 1.07 to 4.01 mmol/100 g fresh mass. High TEAC values (>2.3 mmol/100 g) were found in Leccinum scabrum, L. aurantiacum, Macrolepiota procera, Boletus chrysenteron, and B. edulis. The DPPH radical scavenging effectiveness of mushroom extracts, expressed as EC50 values, was in range 2.91−13.86 mg/mL. Scavenging ability was the highest for B. edulis and B. chrysenteron. The metal chelating ability of mushroom extracts expressed as EC50 values of chelating ability on ferrous ions were from 8.02 mg/mL in Cantharellus cibarius to 12.10 mg/mL in Suillus luteus. Among the mushrooms tested, Boletus chrysenteron and B. edulis were characterized by high scores of polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity in the FRAP, TEAC, and DPPH assays. These results place these culinary species of wild-growing mushrooms among products with considerable antioxidant potential.
Nutrient Compositions of Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia
343-349
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i4.40
Enkhjargal
Ulziijargal
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
Jeng-Leun
Mau
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
culinary-medicinal mushrooms
fruiting body
mycelium
proximate composition
energy
protein
dietary fiber
polysaccharides
Mushrooms (including fruiting bodies and mycelia) are a food with high nutritional value. This article summarizes the results of proximate composition studies of 38 fruiting bodies and 19 mycelia of 32 species of culinary-medicinal mushrooms from genera Agaricus, Agrocybe, Antrodia, Auricularia, Boletus, Clitocybe, Coprinus, Cordyceps, Trametes, Dictyophora, Flammulina, Ganoderma, Grifola, Hericium, Hypsizygus, Inonotus, Lentinus, Morchella, Pleurotus, Sparassis, Termitomyces, Tremella, and Tricholoma. Based on the proximate composition, most fruiting bodies and mycelia are low in fat and rich in protein and dietary fiber (DF); however, some are rich in soluble polysaccharides and others are rich in crude fiber. Due to the high amount of DF present, the energy provided by 100 g of dry fruiting bodies and mycelia is 46.96−292.37 kcal and 195.84−373.22 kcal, respectively. The energy (100 g) is classified into four levels: first level of > 300 kcal, second level of 200−300 kcal, third level of 100−200 kcal, and fourth level of < 100 kcal. Most fruiting bodies are listed in the third level; nine mycelia are listed in the first level and ten in the second level. Overall, the information about the proximate composition and energy are of great interest for fruiting bodies and mycelia to be used as foods or food-flavoring materials or in the formulation of health foods.
Chemical Composition and Nutrition Value of Dried Cultivated Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms from Turkey
351-356
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i4.50
Necla
Gaglarirmak
Celal Bayar University, Saruhanli College, Food Technology Program
culinary-medicinal mushrooms
cultivated mushrooms
Lentinus edodes
Agaricus bisporus
Pleurotus ostreatus
fibers
sugars
vitamins
treatments
analysis
Dietary fiber, raw fiber, fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, vitamin A (retinol), B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B6 (pyridoxine), and niacin contents of dried cultivated mushroom species Agaricus bisporus (white and brown), Lentinus edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus were determined and evaluated for nutrient and chemical composition. Assays of dried mushroom samples were carried out after the drying process. Dried shiitake samples showed the highest dietary fiber and raw fiber content (23.23 ± 0.018 and 9.71 ± 0.039 μg/100 g, respectively). Mushrooms in this study were valuable sources of vitamins such as retinol, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and niacin. A. bisporus contained the highest vitamin A content (43.93 ± 1.85 μg/100 g) and shiitake had the highest contents of thiamine and pyridoxine (0.63 ± 0.012 and 0.56 ± 0.01 mg/100 g, respectively). Portobello had the highest riboflavin and niacin contents (0.90 ± 0.015 and 8.37 ± 0.17 mg/100 g, respectively).
Oxidative Stability of Sunflower Oil Supplemented with Medicinal Split Gill Mushroom, Schizophyllum commune Fr.:Fr. Extract during Accelerated Storage
357-368
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i4.60
Hip Seng
Yim
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur; School of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah
Fook Yee
Chye
School of Food Science & Nutrition;, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Pei Ying
Heng
Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Chun Wai
Ho
Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
medicinal mushrooms
antioxidant activity
lipid oxidation
Schizophyllum commune
sunflower oil
The oxidative stability of sunflower oil supplemented with medicinal split gill mushroom, Schizophyllum commune's crude extract (CE), the formic acid (FA) fraction and semipurified subfractions (SF) II and IV were tested, compared to BHA and α-tocopherol, by measuring their peroxide value, iodine value, p-anisidine value, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and free fatty acid content. Their total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) were also evaluated. FA and CE exhibited highest DPPH•scavenging, while FA and SFIV showed the highest FRAP; TPC was found to be highest in CE, FA, and SFIV. BHA and α-tocopherol are more protective in stabilizing the sunflower oil; SFII and SFIV had short-term protective effect in secondary oxidation for 1 year, while CE and FA retarded secondary oxidation and extended the shelf life 11/2 years and 2 years, respectively. HPLC-DAD analysis found (+)-catechin in Sch. commune's extracts. Sch. commune's extracts did not show similar retardation of lipid oxidation in sunflower oil as compared to α-tocopherol and BHA at the 200 ppm level. However, the higher concentration of Sch. commune's extract that provided the protective effect in stabilizing sunflower oil can be further studied.
Molecular Identification and Characterization of the Edible and Medicinal Morchellaceae Germplasm Collection of "Mulch Morels"
369-375
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i4.70
Vladan
Ondrej
Laboratory of Plant Tissue Cultures, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 11, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
Pavel
Havranek
Laboratory of Plant Tissue Cultures, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 11, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
Miloslav
Kitner
Laboratory of Plant Tissue Cultures, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 11, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
Pavla
Nemcova
Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Cytometry, Institute of Experimental Botany, Sokolovska 6, Olomouc, 77200, Czech Republic
morels
edible and medicinal fungi
ITS and AFLP analyses
in vitro morel isolates
The accessions of the morel (Morchellaceae, Ascomycota) germplasm collection were genetically analyzed, in order to determine both their inter- and intraspecific relationships. This was done as a starting point for cultivation experiments, as well as to provide a genetic description of invasive morel populations linked to mulched garden patches, as compared with outdoor morels. The phylogenetic data, which was based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and supported by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses, divided the germplasm isolates and accessions from the sequence database into three groups of yellow morels, and three groups of black morels, involving a remarkable monotypic genus of half-free morels (Mitrophora semilibera), the groups Morchella conica and M. angusticeps. Both Morchella groups include morel samples that use mulch bark as a vector for their spread across gardens in various locations in the Czech Republic. The AFLP analysis supported the ITS-based phylogenetic data and determined the intraspecific genetic profile of these, as a rule, almost entirely unstudied isolates.
The Effect of Royal Sun Agaricus, Agaricus brasiliensis S. Wasser et al., Extract on Methyl Methanesulfonate Caused Genotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster
377-385
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i4.80
Tatjana
Savic
Institute of Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Aleksandra
Patenkovic
Institute of Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Marina
Sokovic
Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Jasmina
Glamoclija
Institute of Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Marko
Andjelkovic
Institute of Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade; Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Leonardus Johannes Lambertus Donatus
Van Griensven
Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Bornsesteeg 1, 6708PD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
medicinal mushrooms
Agaricus brasiliensis
antigenotoxicity
Drosophila melanogaster
MMS
SMART test
The effect of culinary-medicinal Royal Sun Agaricus (Agaricus brasiliensis) hot water extract on methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) induced mutagenicity/genotoxity in Drosophila melanogaster was studied using a quick and broadly applicable in vivo assay, i.e., the wing somatic mutation and recombination test. We used 2nd instar larvae, trans-heterozygous for the third chromosome recessive markers, i.e., multiple wing hairs (mvh) and flare-3 [flr (3)], and fed them for 24 h with the aqueous extract of A. brasiliensis. For antigenotoxicity studies a 24-h pretreatment with the extract was done, followed by a 48-h treatment of the then 3rd instar larvae with MMS. The frequency of mutations of the wing blade changes (i.e., of the number of wing spots of different sizes) induced in somatic cells was determined as a parameter of genetic changes of the wing imaginal discs. The results showed that A. brasiliensis extract did not cause any genotoxic or mutagenic effects. No antigenotoxic and/or protective effect against the induction of mutations by MMS was observed. Instead, a possible enhanced mitotic recombination frequency by MMS was seen after pretreatment of the larvae with A. brasiliensis extract. Possible mechanisms of action are discussed.
An Axenic Culture System for Fruiting Body Formation by an Edible Bolete Phylogenetically related to Culinary-Medicinal Penny Bun Mushroom, Boletus edulis Bull.:Fr. Strains from China
387-395
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i4.90
Shao Chun
Fu
National Eng.Research Center of Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering; Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Chinese Ministry of Agriculture; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding; Institute of Edible Fungi
Mei Yan
Zhang
National Eng.Research Center of Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering; Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Chinese Ministry of Agriculture; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding; Institute of Edible Fungi
Xiaodong
Shang
National Eng.Research Center of Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering; Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Chinese Ministry of Agriculture; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding; Institute of Edible Fungi
Ming-Jie
Chen
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Edible Fungi, National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
Qi
Tan
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (South), Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
culinary-medicinal mushrooms
Boletus spp.
ectomycorrhizal mushroom
primordium induction
fruiting body formation
axenic culture
artificial cultivation
The ability of two freshly isolated Boletus stains to fruit under axenic conditions was tested using different solid and liquid nutrient media. One strain (YNCX04) produced numerous primordia from which fruiting bodies, 12 mm and 10 mm in length, with grey, convex pilei, and yellow-white, clavate stipes developed between 15 and 30 d after inoculation of fungal mycelium onto a solid medium consisting of mineral salts, thiamine, glucose, potato, an extract of Cunninghamia lanceolata root, and agar. The other strain (YNB200) produced numerous primordia but no sporophores. Strain YNCX04 lost the ability to form fruiting bodies in axenic culture 6 mo after initial isolation but retained the ability to form primordia for up to 18 mo. Based on internal transcribed spacer sequencing data, strains YNB200 and YNCX04 formed a sub-cluster together with four previously designated Boletus edulis strains from China. Phylogenetic analysis placed the Chinese strains closer to B. aestivalis than to European and North American strains of B. edulis, although a 29-bp fragment specific to all the B. aestivalis strains was absent from all the Chinese strains. Furthermore, partial 18S rDNA sequences from strains YNB200 and YNCX04 exhibited 98% similarity with an 18S rDNA sequence from B. edulis strain Be3. Further molecular studies are indicated to more accurately establish the taxonomic positions of F3 and F4-3, as well as the Chinese strains designated as B. edulis.
Paddy Straw as a Substrate for the Cultivation of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt. :Fr.) P. Karst. in India
397-400
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v13.i4.100
S. S.
Veena
Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Meera
Pandey
Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
medicinal mushrooms
Ganoderma lucidum
paddy straw
cultivation
rice bran
sawdust
Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, is generally cultivated on hardwood logs or sawdust/woodchips based formulations. More than 100 million tonnes of paddy straw is being produced in India per year, and almost 50% of the straw is potentially available for growing mushrooms. In the present study an attempt was made to use paddy straw as a substrate to cultivate G. lucidim. Different proportions of paddy straw were mixed with 0, 22.5%, 45%, and 67.5% sawdust and 10% rice bran. Spawn run period, fruiting initiation period, yield, moisture content, dry recovery, and fruiting body characteristics were recorded and compared. Fructification was observed with all the substrate formulations and they did not show any significant difference in yield. The highest biological efficiency (BE) (29.9%) was observed with the combination sawdust:paddy straw:rice bran 22.5:67.5:10, followed by saw dust:paddy straw:rice bran 45:45:10 with BE 27.3%. The current study demonstrated for the first time that the cultivation of G. lucidum is possible with paddy straw as the base substrate and indicated the enormous potential of paddy straw for the cultivation of G. lucidum.