Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
12
4
2010
Study on the Analytical Method for Water-soluble Crude Polysaccharides in Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms
331-345
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i4.10
Shu-Fang
Lu
Analysis Research and Service Center, Food Industry Research & Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Shu-Chi
Tsai
Analysis Research and Service Center, Food Industry Research & Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Hsiao-Chen
Lin
Analysis Research and Service Center, Food Industry Research & Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Weiguang
Fu
Analysis Research and Service Center, Food Industry Research & Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.
culinary-medicinal mushrooms
polysaccharides
analytical methods
Ganoderma tsugae
Trametes versicolor
Agaricus brasiliensis
Size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) was used to analyze water extracts of edible medicinal mushrooms in this research. Fingerprint profiling of polysaccharides in edible medicinal mushrooms was utilized as the primary identification tool for qualitative analysis. Furthermore, this study successfully improves or corrects the overestimation problem in quantifying functional polysaccharide contents in phenol-sulfuric acid method. The comparison of 3 different pre-treatment methods including SE-HPLC fractionation, ultra-filtration (UF) fractionation and alcohol precipitation shows that SE-HPLC fractionation method not only can recover the loss of polysaccharides in UF or alcohol precipitation methods, but also is able to fully retain water-soluble crude polysaccharides with molecular weight > 10 kD, which are commonly regarded as functional components in medicinal mushrooms. Therefore, the combination of SE-HPLC fractionation and phenol-sulfuric acid quantification method is more accurate and suitable for determination of water-soluble crude polysaccharide in edible medicinal mushrooms.
In vitro Synthesis of a Recombinant Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein from Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) P.Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae) and Analysis of Its Immunomodulatory Activity
347-358
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i4.20
Qi-zhang
Li
Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
Xue-fei
Wang
Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
Ting-wen
Bao
School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
Liang
Ran
School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
Juan
Lin
College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
Xuan-Wei
Zhou
School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
medicinal mushrooms
Ganoderma lucidum
Lingzhi or Reishi mushroom
fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP)
expression
cytokines
transcription
The FIP-glu (Lingzhi-8 or LZ-8) isolated from medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) was the first identified and characterized fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP), and its biological functions have been explored extensively. On the basis of cloned LZ-8 gene sequence from the genomic DNA of G. lucidum, we expressed FIP-glu by the expression cassette vector pQE-30. The recombinant protein was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Finally, its bioactivity was examined by inducing expression of cytokine genes in mouse spleen cells. The results showed that recombinant FIP-glu protein could be expressed in E. coli successfully. The yield of recombinant FIP-glu accounted for 51.1% of the total protein of E. coli, while soluble recombinant FIP-glu accounted for 55.4% of the total soluble protein of E. coli. The purity of recombinant FIP-glu protein was more than 90% after purification. Analysis of RT-PCR demonstrated that the recombinant FIP-glu could enhance the transcription of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-3, IL-4, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) genes in mouse spleen cells.
Antioxidant Power and DNA Repair Effects of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae), in Human Acute Post-ingestion Study
359-366
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i4.30
Sissi
Wachtel-Galor
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
Wan-chi
Wong
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
Siu-Wai
Choi
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
Iris F. F.
Benzie
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
medicinal mushrooms
antioxidants
bioavailability
DNA
Ganoderma lucidum
Lingzhi or Reishi mushroom
FRAP
Oxidative stress can damage cells, protein and DNA and is known to be involved in the development and progression of many diseases. Diets rich in plant-based foods are associated with improved health. Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) medicinal mushroom has been used for centuries in Asia for health promotion and has a wide range of reputed health benefits. This study investigated the antioxidant properties of G. lucidum and its effects on DNA damage and repair in lymphocytes in a cross-over human intervention study. Blood samples were collected from 7 healthy volunteers at 0 (fasting), 90 and 180 min post-ingestion of a single dose (3.3 g) of G. lucidum or water (control). Plasma total antioxidant power and the effect on lymphocyte DNA damage and repair were assessed before and after each treatment. Lymphocytes were harvested immediately after blood collection at 0 and 180 min, oxidatively challenged, then incubated in complete culture medium for DNA damage repair. Results show that intake of G. lucidum caused an acute increase in plasma antioxidant power, but did not significantly affect the level or rate of repair in lymphocytic DNA. These results show that the bioavailable antioxidants absorbed from G. lucidum have no effect on DNA resistance to oxidative stress or repair in vivo.
The Effects of a Powder of the Fruiting Body of Commercial Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) P.Karts.,] on Hypercholesterolemic Rat Skin, Applied With a Topical Application of Benzo(a)pyrene
367-378
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i4.40
Choong
Yew Keong
Phytochemistry Unit, Herba Medicine Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia
Tong Chow
Chin
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Nor Aini B.
Umar
Department of Pathology, Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Noordin M.
Mustapha
Department of Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Sulaila
Mohamad
Department of Food Service and Management, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Ganoderma lucidum
medicinal mushrooms
Lingzhi or Reishi mushroom
benzo(a)pyrene
topical application
skin tumor
We examined the anti-tumor property of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body powder on Sprague Dawley rats fed with different formula diets for a period of 6 months. The previous studies had proved that benzo(a) pyrene [B(a)p], a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, might cause skin cancer in an animal model. The presences of egg yolk as highly cholesterol diet increased the stress on the respective groups of rats. In the present study, rats were divided into four groups with a sample size of 6 rats per group. They are the Control group, 1% cholesterol diet (Chol) group, 1% G. lucidum powder (GF) group, and cholesterol with G. lucidum powder (Chol+GF) group. For all the rats, a total of five areas, each with a surface area of about 1.5×1.5 cm2, were shaved and topically applied with B(a)p. At regular intervals, blood samples were taken and analyzed. The results revealed that the Chol+GF group had body weight lower than the Chol group. The GF group had their serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein concentrations significantly lower but higher high density lipoprotein cholesterol than those in the Chol group. The malondialdehyde level in the Chol+GF group was significantly suppressed as compared to the Chol group. In the liver, there was no significant difference in Glutathione S−Transferase levels between the GF and Chol+GF groups. However, in the lung, the Glutathione S−Transferase level was 30% lower in the Chol+GF group than the GF group. Histology studies indicated increasing abnormal hair follicles in the skin tissue of Control positive and Chol groups, but still no visible neoplastic nodules were formed. The GF and Chol+GF groups showed normal hair growth with normal hair follicles. The commercial G. lucidum fruiting body powder is tested as a type of a potent cancer chemo preventive agent in SD rats’ skin.
Pancreas Protective Effect of Button Mushroom Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach (Agaricomycetidae) Extract on Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Dia betes
379-389
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i4.50
Mustafa
Yamaç
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, TR-26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
Gungor
Kanbak
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Medicine Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Eskisehir, Turkey
Melih
Zeytinoglu
Emeritus, Anadolu University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Eskisehir, Turkey
Hakan
Senturk
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, TR-26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
Gokhan
Bayramoglu
Artvin Coruh University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Artvin, Turkey
Ali
Dokumacioglu
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Medicine Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Eskisehir, Turkey
Leonardus Johannes Lambertus Donatus
Van Griensven
Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Bornsesteeg 1, 6708PD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
medicinal mushrooms
Agaricus bisporus
diabetes
hot water extract
hypoglycemic effect
pancreas histology
streptozotocin
In the present study we describe the effects of hot water extract of the culinary-medicinal button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, on the symptoms of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Sprague Dawley rats. A. bisporus extract at the doses of 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day were orally applied to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for a period of 7 days after the onset of the diabetes. Food and water intake and body weight were recorded daily. Upon sacrifice, histological studies were performed on pancreas tissues, and biochemical parameters such as glucose, insulin superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and catalase were measured of all experimental groups. The serum glucose levels significantly decreased after oral administration at the dose of 400 mg/kg bw per day by 29.68% with A. bisporus extract. Furthermore, the serum insulin levels in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were increased to 78.50% at the extract dose of 400 mg/kg bw per day. Also, catalase activities and malondialdehyde levels decreased to values slightly above the normal animal control. The most obvious and surprising change was, however, the increase in cellularity of the Langerhans islets of the pancreas and their apparent repopulation with beta cells. We conclude that the oral application of high doses of A. bisporus extract may result in decreased severity of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rat.
Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of New Medicinal Fungus, Auriculoscypha anacardiicola D.A.Reid et Manim. (Agaricomycetideae), from India
391-400
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i4.60
Bijesh
Puthusseri
Department of Botany, University of Calicut, India
Thozhuthumparambil P.
Smina
Department of Microbiology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, 680 555, India
Kainoor Krishnankutty
Janardhanan
Amala Cancer Research Centre, Thrissur 680555,India
Patinjareveettil
Manimohan
Department of Botany, University of Calicut, India
Basidiomycetes
bioactive compounds
medicinal mushrooms
natural products
insect-associated fungus
Auriculoscypha anacardiicola
fruiting bodies
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous-ethanolic extract of Auriculoscypha anacardiicola fruiting bodies were investigated. Antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using DPPH, superoxide anion, FRAP, nitric oxide scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. The extract was found to be a potent free radical scavenger and antioxidant. The extract showed significant DPPH scavenging activity (IC50: 31.36±2 μ;g/mL), ferric reducing antioxidant power (IC50: 3.4±0.5 μ;g/mL) and lipid peroxidation inhibiting activity (IC50: 79.81±2.77 μ;g/mL). Anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was determined using carrageenan induced acute and formalin induced chronic inflammatory models in Swiss albino mice. The extract showed profound acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity. The extract at 500 mg/kg body weight showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than the standard reference drug diclofenac, administered at 10 mg/kg body weight, for both acute and chronic inflammation in mice. This is the first report of the medicinal properties of A. anacardiicola.
Suppressing the Formation of Osteoclasts Using Bioactive Components of the Edible Mushroom Leccinum extremiorientale (L Vass.) Singer (Agaricomycetideae)
401-406
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i4.70
Jae-Hoon
Choi
Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
Nobuhiko
Ozawa
Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
Kikuko
Masuda
Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
Tomoyuki
Koyama
Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
Kazunaga
Yazawa
Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
Hirokazu
Kawagishi
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
medicinal mushrooms
osteoclast-formation
suppressing substance
sterol
Leccinum extremiorientale
Osteoporosis is a serious health problem for postmenopausal women and the elderly. We have focused our research on the bioactive substances from mushrooms to help cure osteoporosis by suppressing the formation of osteoclasts. In this study, two sterols were isolated from an edible mushroom Leccinum extremiorientale. The structures of 1 and 2 were identified by spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 showed the ability to suppress the formation of osteoclasts. This is the first report of the isolation of the compounds from the genus Leccinum and of the inhibitory activity of these compounds against the formation of osteoclasts.
Factors Affecting the Amount of Cadmium Accumulated in Culinary-Medicinal Royal Sun Agaricus, Agaricus brasiliensis S. Wasser et al. (Agaricomycetideae), During Cultivation
407-417
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i4.80
Chien-Yih
Lin
Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
Homg-Yuh
Guo
Agricultural Chemistry Division, Agricultural Research Institute, Wufong 41301, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chien-Liang
Chu
Agricultural Chemistry Division, Agricultural Research Institute, Wufong 41301, Taiwan, R.O.C.
I-Hsin
Lee
Plant Pathology Division, Agricultural Research Institute, Wufong 41301, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Hsiao-Ling
Pai
College of Health Science, Asia University, Wufong 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Hsin-Der
Shih
Division of Plant Pathology, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
medicinal mushrooms
Royal Sun Agaricus
Agaricus brasiliensis
heavy metal
cadmium
cultivation
anticancer
immunomodulating activities
This study was conducted to investigate accumulation of heavy metals in Agaricus brasiliensis at commercial farms in Taiwan. Among 14 samples of fruiting bodies of A. brasiliensis examined, five heavy metals, Cr, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb, were detected and only the content of cadmium (Cd) exceeded the level of 2 ppm (μ;g/g) specified by the Department of Health, Republic of China. The rates of Cd in fruiting bodies varied with samples ranging from 1.10 μ;g/g to 20.07 μ;g/g. Accumulation of Cd in fruiting bodies varied with strains of A. brasiliensis. Among the four strains studied, the strain A5 had the lowest rate of Cd absorption (4.57 μ;g/g) and the highest production of fruiting bodies (4592.4 g/24 bags), making it an ideal strain for commercial production. Among six cultivation adjuvants tested, the oyster shell powder contained the highest level of cadmium. The average cadmium level in the plastic bag was 0.077 μ;g/g, whereas the cadmium content in oyster shell powder was 0.363 μ;g/g. This study indicates that the oyster shell powder in the growth substrate may be one of the main sources for the accumulation of cadmium in the fruiting body of A. brasiliensis.
Polysaccharides of Medicinal Caterpillar Fungus, Cordyceps militaris (L.:Fr.) Link (Ascomycetes): Production and Composition
419-425
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i4.90
Tatiana A.
Puchkova
Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk 220141, Belarus
Valentina G.
Babitskaya
Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220141, Belarus
Victor V.
Scherba
Institute of Microbiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Byelorussia, Minsk, Byelorussia
Nina A.
Bisko
Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev
Natalia L.
Poyedinok
M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Cordyceps militaris
medicinal fungi
medicinal mushrooms
cultivation conditions
polysaccharides
IR-spectra
light irradiation
The production of biomass, exo- and endopolysaccharides, composition of polysaccharides under different conditions of cultivation, and infrared (IR) spectra of polysaccharides of the medicinal species Cordyceps militaris (L.:Fr.) Link were studied. It was demonstrated that the content of glucose in endopolysaccharides’ composition was 18−40%, and in exopolysaccharides it was 64%. The composition of polysaccharides depended on cultivation conditions and wavelength of light during irradiation of mycelium.
Ethnomycological Use of Medicinal Chinese Caterpillar Fungus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G. H. Sung et al. (Ascomycetes) in Northern Yunnan Province, SW China
427-434
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i4.100
Jiyue
Chen
Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sangwoo
Lee
International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology
Yongqiang
Cao
Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Yanqiong
Peng
Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Daniel
Winkler
EcoMontane Consulting
Darong
Yang
Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
medicinal mushrooms and fungi
Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Cordyceps sinensis
ethnomycological survey
traditional uses of mushrooms
China
Yunnan
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a well-known medicinal mushroom in traditional oriental medicine such as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and traditional Tibetan medicine (TTM). It is endemic to alpine habitats on the Tibetan Plateau, located predominantly in Tibet and Tibetan autonomous prefectures of neighboring Provinces and the high Himalayas. This area includes parts of Northern Yunnan, but is inhabited by other ethnic groups. Although ethnopharmacological use among Tibetan people has been researched, such studies among other ethnic peoples are limited. This study aims to review the traditional uses of caterpillar fungus among Bai, Naxi, Lisu and Tibetan people living in the mountainous Northern Yunnan Province. Ethnomycological survey methods, interviews, participatory action research and field visits were conducted to elicit information on the uses of caterpillar fungus. In this paper, we have presented this traditional knowledge about collection, discovery, protection, and nutritional value, learned from these indigenous peoples. Of special interest is the range of diseases treated with O. sinensis and the corresponding methods of application. Furthermore, the diverse ethnic groups examined each have their own unique legends regarding O. sinensis.
The 6th International Medicinal Mushroom Conference September 25 - 29, 2011, Zagreb, Croatia
435-438
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i4.110
We are pleased to announce the 6th International Medicinal Mushroom Conference, which will be held in Zagreb, Croatia. We invite scientists, professionals, students and practitioners (mycologists, biologists, ecologists, biochemists, biotechnologists, pharmacologists, nutritionists, medical doctors, immunologists, oncologists, infection diseases specialists, cardiologists, neurologists, specialists in integrative, complementary and alternative medicine, bioremediators - especially in agriculture and forestry, etc), people working with mushrooms and in other food industries, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and other related industries and entrepreneurial and commercial initiatives, as well as all those who are interested in studying, discussing and exploring practical applications of the most current research on fungi and their medicinal properties..
Conference Topics Systematics, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and fungal culture collections Medicinal and nutritional value of mushrooms and pharmacology of active compounds Mushroom nutraceuticals in theory and practice − production, regulation, promotion and marketing worldwide Fungal physiology, biochemistry and genetics Mycotechnology and cultivation in research and industry Mycoremediation in forestry and agriculture Ethnomycology, traditional and alternative medicines using medicinal mushrooms Special panel discussion: a. Medicinal mushrooms and cancer, and/or b. Medicinal mushrooms and viral infections