Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
12
2
2010
Immunomodulatory Effect of the Polysaccharide-Rich Fraction from Sclerotium of Medicinal Mushroom Poria cocos F.A. Wolf (Aphyllophoromycetideae) on Balb/c Mice
111-121
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i2.10
Chia-Yu
Ma
Department of Food and Beverage Management, Technology and Science Institute of Northern Taiwan, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
Wan-Ching
Chang
Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
Hung-Min
Chang
Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
James Swi-Bea
Wu
Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
medicinal mushrooms
Poria cocos
fu-ling
sclerotium
polysaccharide-rich fraction
specifi c immune response
immunomodulation
Dried sclerotia of medicinal mushroom Poria cocos F.A.Wolf were extracted with cold water. The extract was precipitated by ethanol and then lyophilized to obtain the polysaccharide-rich fraction (PRF). The immunomodulatory effect of the PRF on Balb/c mice was investigated. Oral administration of the PRF did not affect the growth of healthy mice. The relative proliferation ratio of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated splenocytes increased significantly, whereas the natural killer cell activity and numbers of T, T helper, T cytotoxic (Tc), and B cells remained unchanged, excluding the occurrence of a nonspecific immune-response. Some other healthy mice were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) to conduct specific immune-response experiments. Oral administration of PRF at 200 mg/kg bw to the immunized mice increased the Tc percentage among splenocytes but reduced anti-OVA immunoglobulin G and M levels significantly, indicating that PRF could modulate the specific immune response of Balb/c mice and that the modulation is via the activation of T cells.
Comparative Examination of Polysaccharide Synthesis by Medicinal Mushrooms from the Genus Lentinus Fr. (Agaricomycetideae)
123-132
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i2.20
Tatiana A.
Puchkova
Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk 220141, Belarus
Victor V.
Shcherba
Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220141, Belarus
Valentina G.
Babitskaya
Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220141, Belarus
medicinal mushrooms
Lentinus edodes
Lentinus lepideus
Lentinus tigrinus
polysaccharides
mycelium
submerged cultivation
cultivation conditions
The effect of culture conditions on growth and polysaccharide production by Lentinus edodes, L. lepideus, and L. tigrinus was investigated. These fungi accumulated 11.2−14.0 g/L biomass, 2.0−5.0 g/L exopolysaccharides, and 4.0%−10.2% endopolysaccharides on optimal glucose-peptone media. The maximum amount of endopolysaccharides (9.5%−10.2%) was found in L. lepideus biomass, whereas the highest level of exopolysaccharide synthesis (4.5−5.0 g/L) was observed in L. edodes. The specific growth rate of the fungi (μ;) equaled 0.010 g/L for L. edodes, 0.020 g/L for L. lepideus, and 0.025 g/L for L. tigrinus; productivity of exopolysaccharide synthesis: 550, 300, and 500 mg/L per day, respectively; and productivity of endopolysaccharide synthesis: 40, 170, and 140 mg/L per day respectively. Fungal polysaccharides combined both high-molecular-weight fractions (Mr = 200−2000 kDa) and low-molecular-weight fractions (Mr < 10 kDa). As to carbohydrate composition, polysaccharides of investigated fungi were identified as heteroglycans, with glucose as the dominant monomer and minor amounts of arabinose, galactose, xylose, and mannose. For physical-chemical properties, a close similarity was shown between the polysaccharides of L. tigrinus and L. edodes.
Mechanism Underlying the Antitumor Activity of Proteins from the Ling Zhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae) In Vitro
133-139
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i2.30
Ming
Du
College of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
Xiao-Song
Hu
The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Guanghua
Zhao
College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
Cong
Wang
College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, P. R. China
medicinal mushrooms
Ganoderma lucidum
Ling Zhi or Reishi mushroom
selenium-containing protein
antitumor activity
mechanism
in vitro
The extracts of Ganoderma lucidum (Ling Zhi or Reishi) medicinal mushroom show antitumor activity in vivo. The functional activities of proteins from G. lucidum or selenium-enriched G. lucidum (Se-G. lucidum) have been reported in many studies. However, the mechanism underlying the antitumor activity of proteins from G. lucidum has not been clarified. It is interesting to know how selenium influences the antitumor activity of the proteins in Se-G. lucidum. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of protein extracts from G. lucidum and Se-G. lucidum on several tumor cells were investigated, and the activities of the mixtures of these proteins and inorganic selenium (Na2SeO3) were compared under the same conditions. Results showed that Na2SeO3 and Se-GL-P exhibit relatively high activity among six samples to inhibit the multiplication of tumor cells. The incorporation of Se into the proteins, in the form of selenocysteine and selenomethionine, apparently enhances their activity. Na2SeO3 does not exhibit effective antitumor activity unless the concentration is high enough. In conclusion, the immune-regulation activity and selenium-containing property of proteins from G. lucidum or Se-G. lucidum presumably contribute to their antitumor activity.
Taste Quality and Antioxidant Properties of Medicinal Mushrooms Phellinus linteus and Sparassis crispa Mycelia
141-150
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i2.40
Chih-Hung
Liang
Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Chungchou Institute of Technology, Yuanlin, Changhua 51003, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Food Science, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taichung, Taiwan
Shu-Yao
Tsai
Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
Shih-Jeng
Huang
Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Yuanlin, Changhua 51003, Taiwan, Republic of China
Zeng-Chin
Liang
Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Foods on Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515, Taiwan
Jeng-Leun
Mau
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
Phellinus linteus
Sparassis crispa
soluble sugars
medicinal mushrooms
free amino acids
5'-nucleotides
antioxidant properties
antioxidant components
Nonvolatile taste components of medicinal mushrooms Phellinus linteus and Sparassis crispa mycelia and filtrate were studied, as well as the antioxidant properties of their ethanolic and hot water extracts. Contents of fat, fiber, and protein were higher in mycelia, whereas contents of carbohydrate and crude ash were higher in filtrates. Mannitol content was the highest in Ph. linteus mycelia and trehalose content was the highest in S. crispa mycelia, whereas glucose content was the highest in two filtrates. Contents of total free amino acids were 24.41−182.70 mg/g. Contents of total and flavor 5’-nucleotides were 2.05−6.14 and 0.73−3.20 mg, respectively. Total phenols were the major antioxidant components found in both extracts. Overall, Ph. linteus mycelia and two filtrates possessed highly intense umami taste, whereas both extracts from two mycelia and Ph. linteus filtrate were effective in antioxidant properties, including antioxidant activity, reducing power, and scavenging abilities on free radicals.
Osteoclast-Forming Suppressing Compounds from the Medicinal Mushroom Agrocybe chaxingu Huang (Agaricomycetideae)
151-155
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i2.50
Jae-Hoon
Choi
Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
Nobuo
Abe
Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
Shinya
Kodani
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
Kikuko
Masuda
Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
Tomoyuki
Koyama
Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
Kazunaga
Yazawa
Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
Mamoru
Takahashi
Kougen Co., Ltd. 3-7-29 Sakuratutumi Suntou-gun, Nagaizumi-cho, 411-0951, Japan
Hirokazu
Kawagishi
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
edible and medicinal mushrooms
osteoclast-formation suppressing substance
Agrocybe chaxingu
Agaricomycetideae
Four steroids were isolated as osteoclast-forming suppressing compounds from the medicinal mushroom Agrocybe chaxingu. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis.
Composition Analysis and Immunomodulatory Capacity of Peptidoglycan from Ling Zhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. Strain 119 (Aphyllophoromycetideae)
157-165
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i2.60
Libin
Ye
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; and Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), People's Republic of China Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China; College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
Xiaolin
Zheng
College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310035, China
Jingsong
Zhang
Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing, Shanghai, 201403, P.R. China
Yan
Yang
National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of
Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
Yuecheng
Meng
College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310035, China
Jianrong
Li
College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310035, China
Wei
Chen
College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310035, China
Ang
Li
College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310035, China
Ying-jie
Pan
College of Food Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200090, China
medicinal mushrooms
Ling Zhi
Reishi mushroom
Ganoderma lucidum
composition analysis
water-soluble peptidoglycan
immunomodulatory activity
gas chromatography-mass spectrum
LZ-B-1, a water-soluble peptidoglycan, was prepared from the fruiting bodies of Ling Zhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, by ultrafiltration, DEAE-Sepharose Fast-Flow column, and Sepharose CL-6B column. To develop functional food or pharmaceuticals using LZ-B-1 and to investigate the relationship between the structure and bioactivity of LZ-B-1, the composition and immunomodulatory capacity of LZ-B-1 were studied herein. The peptidoglycan had a relative molecular weight of 1.12 × 104 Da, and total carbohydrate and peptide percentages were determined to be ∼94.2% and ∼5.4%, respectively. The carbohydrate moiety was mainly composed of L-fucose, D-galatose, and D-glucose in a molar ratio of approximately 1:5:2, together with small amounts of L-arabinose and D-mannose. The peptide moiety mainly contained arginine, threonine, glycine, serine, and aspartic acid in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1:2:2:1. Methylation reaction and GC-MS analysis indicated that the carbohydrate moiety mainly consisted of 1,6-disubstituted-galactopyranosyl, 1,2,6-trisubstituted-galactopyranosyl, 1-substituted-fucopyranosyl, 1,3-disubstituted- glucopyranosyl, 1,4,6-trisubstituted-glucopyranosyl, and 1-substituted-glucopyranosyl. Mouse spleen cell proliferation assay in vitro showed that a concentration of 200 μ;g/mL of LZ-B-1 was the optimum concentration to promote the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes (MSLs). In general, the higher the mouse spleen cell proliferation rate, the stronger the immunomodulatory activity. How the peptidoglycan stimulates the proliferation of MSLs and the bioactivity-structure relationship requires more research.
Extracts of Medicinal Mushrooms Agaricus bisporus and Phellinus linteus Induce Proapoptotic Effects in the Human Leukemia Cell Line K562
167-175
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i2.70
Wei
Song
Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
Leonardus Johannes Lambertus Donatus
Van Griensven
Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, Bornsesteeg 1, 6708PD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Alla V.
Shnyreva
Department of Mycology and Algology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia
medicinal mushrooms
Agaricus bisporus
Phellinus linteus
mushroom ethanol extracts
proapoptotic and anticancer activities
We have studied the effects of Agaricus bisporus and Phellinus linteus ethanol extracts on transcriptional regulation of genes involved in cytokine release and apoptosis in the human leukemia cell line K562. In particular, we applied quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) assays to monitor alterations of gene expression for the following genes: Bcl-2, Casp-9, NF-κB, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10. We found stronger proapoptotic activity for the Ph. linteus alcohol extract on K562 cells than for the A. bisporus extract: 4.4- and 2.2-fold increase of Bcl-2 and Casp-9 transcripts. Mushroom alcohol extracts are suggested to exert their effects on tumor cells via the induction of apoptosis. K562 leukemia cells were shown to be most responsive to the transcriptional induction of tumor necrosis factor TNF-α when stimulated with IFN-γ and then treated with Ph. linteus alcohol extract: up to a 4.5-fold increase. Treatment of K562 cells with A. bisporus extract promoted transcription of the cytokine gene IL-10.
Preliminary Studies on Mating and Improved Strain Selection in the Tropical Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. (Agaricomycetideae)
177-183
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i2.80
Omoanghe S.
Isikhuemhen
Mushroom Biology and Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
Clementina O.
Adenipekun
Department of Botany and Miocrobiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Elijah I.
Ohimain
Mushroom Biology & Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; and Biological Sciences Department, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
medicinal mushrooms
edible mushrooms
dikaryons
Lentinus squarrosulus
mating system
monokaryons
primordial initiation
tetrapolar
Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. is an important tropical edible and medicinal mushroom distributed across Sub-Saharan Africa and most parts of Asia. Intrastock mating study was performed using single spore isolates (ssi) from a wild strain (MBFBL 201). Mycelia growth and morphology characterization indicated that milled corn straw agar (CSA) medium best supports mycelia growth compared to two other media: potato dextrose agar (PDA) and yeast peptone soluble starch agar (YPSS). The results from ssi pairings and analysis confirmed a tetrapolar mating system for L. squarrosulus. Further characterization of the resulting dikaryons indicated that the growth rate of the parent monokaryons does not affect the growth rate of the resulting dikaryon. Primordial formation in the resulting dikaryons with the fastest growth rate was 12 days after inoculation. Under similar conditions, MBFBL 201 and another wild strain, MBFBL 269, produced primordia after 28 and 32 days, respectively, indicating that intrastock breeding could be an effective method for obtaining improved strains of L. squarrosulus. Further characterization to test growth and performance in order to obtain high-yield strains for use in commercial cultivation is ongoing.
Blood Lymphocyte and Neutrophil Response of Cultured Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Administered Varying Dosages of an Oral Medicinal Mushroom-Based Immunomodulator—"Fin-ImmuneTM"
185-192
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i2.90
Duane
Barker
Fish Health Teaching & Research, Fisheries & Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Science & Technology, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5 Canada
John
Holliday
Aloha Medicinals, Inc.,
2300 Arrowhead Dr., Carson City, NV 89706, USA
lymphocyte
neutrophil
medicinal mushrooms
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
immunomodulator
Fin-ImmuneTM
Agaricus brasiliensis
Trametes versicolor
Cordyceps sinensis
Lentinus edodes
Ganoderma lucidum
Grifola frondosa
In a 10-week (May−August 2008) Phase I trial, 840 1+-year-old rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, received a commercial oral immunomodulator, Fin-ImmuneTM, at four different dosages (0, 10, 20, and 30 mg/g−1) to evaluate immune response and growth. The overall objective was to determine an optimal dosage of this product for rainbow trout that provides enhanced immunity with maximal growth and health. Biweekly blood samples were taken from 10 randomly selected fish in each tank (30 samples per treatment) to evaluate the duration of enhanced immunity conferred by Fin-ImmuneTM. The immunological assessment included serum white blood cell (lymphocyte and neutrophil) densities and blood hematocrit (packed cell volume %). Of these three variables, only lymphocyte density increased significantly among trout fed Fin-ImmuneTM at 20 and 30 mg/g−1, which peaked at week 6. At week 7, all trout were switched to regular feed (lacking Fin-ImmuneTM), and by week 10, lymphocyte levels decreased among all levels but were still greater than at week 0. There was growth impairment at the highest dose of Fin-ImmuneTM tested (30 mg/g−1), which can be associated with a physiological compensatory mechanism due to a dose-specific threshold level. Thus, our main objective of this Phase I study was achieved: the 20 mg/g−1 dose of Fin-ImmuneTM should be the most efficacious (of those we tested) to use for a Phase II disease-challenge trial.
Conservation of Medicinal Mushrooms in the V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute Basidiomycetes Culture Collection (LE-BIN, Russia)
193-199
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i2.100
Nadezhda V.
Psurtseva
Laboratory of Fungal Biochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Professor Popov St., St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
medicinal mushrooms
Basidiomycetes
conservation ex situ
strains
culture collection
Conservation of medicinal mushrooms in specialized culture collections and genetic resource centers creates the best conditions for culture preservation and provides considerable resources for the screening of mushroom biological activity. The Komarov Botanical Institute Culture Collection LE-BIN is the most unique specialized Basidiomycetes culture collection in Russia, which now preserves approximately 10% of the natural diversity of Basidiomycetes in Russia—over 1,570 strains of 601 species, including a great variety of medicinal mushrooms. The diversity of species and strains is gradually increasing in the LE-BIN Culture Collection. Obtaining and preserving medicinal mushrooms are among the priorities in developing the collection. Numerous strains of such species studied all over the world, such as Flammulina velutipes, Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma lucidum, Inonotus obliquus, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Schizophyllum commune, etc., are maintained in the LE-BIN. Investigations of the biological activity of Basidiomycetes that have been carried out in the Komarov Botanical Institute for over 50 years revealed strains with fibrino- and thrombolytic, hallucinogenic, and antitumor activities. It was found that cultures of some medicinal mushrooms possessed phytotoxic, milk clotting, and ligninolytic activity, as well. The correct identification of mushrooms is very important, especially for medical treatments; therefore, verification of strains in the LE-BIN Collection is carried out using cultural, biochemical, and molecular methods. As a result, a number of strains were reidentified. The names of the LE-BIN cultures are regularly reviewed following modern nomenclature.
A New for Science Neurotropic Species of Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Agaricomycetideae) from the Western United States
201-204
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i2.110
Gastón
Guzmán
Instituto de Ecologia, Apartada Postal 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91000, Mexico
Joel
Greene
Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
Florencia
Ramirez-Guillén
Instituto de Ecologia, Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico
hallucinogenic mushrooms
Western United States
Arizona
Hopi tribe
temperate forest
Psilocybe hopii is described as a new species for science from the San Francisco Peaks Mountains, just north of Flagstaff, in north central Arizona, USA, in a Populus tremuloides forest with Pseudotsuga and Pinus. It is a bluing mushroom that belongs to the P. cyanescens-complex, but with special polymorphous cheilocystidia. The present article discusses its possible traditional uses as well as the relationship of the new species to the Hopi tribe of the region.
Effect of Polysaccharides and 70% Ethanol Extracts from Medicinal Mushrooms on Growth of Human Prostate Cancer LNCaP and PC-3 Cells
205-211
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i2.120
Tadashi
Kiho
Laboratory of Medical Regulations, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Japan
Kazuhiro
Iguchi
Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
Shigeyuki
Usui
Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
Kazuyuki
Hirano
Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
medicinal mushrooms
Tremella aurantia
heteroglycan
glucan
70% ethanol extract of mushroom
growth inhibition
cell cycle arrest
To find anticancer compounds in medicinal mushrooms (MM), we fi rst examined the effect of polysaccharides and ethanol extracts of MM on cell growth. Some heteroglycans from MM and antitumor glucans significantly suppressed the growth of prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and PC-3 cells. However, no structure-activity relationship among them was observed. A 70% ethanol extract of mushrooms markedly inhibited the cell growth of LNCaP and PC-3 cells, and the effect was greater than the above polysaccharides. The 70% ethanol extract of the fruiting bodies of Tremella aurantia (TA-70E) showed the most potent inhibitory effect on cell growth—that is, treated with 1 mg/mL of TA-70E for 48 h cell viability decreased to about 12% and 32% of the levels in the control of LNCaP and PC-3 cells, respectively. In addition, the growth inhibition of LNCaP and PC-3 cells by the 70% ethanol extract was, at least in part, characterized by G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, as evidenced by FACS analysis. These results showed that the polysaccharides and 70% ethanol extract of mushrooms have growth-inhibitory activity in LNCaP and PC-3 cells.
Comparative Cytotoxicity and Hemagglutination Activities of Crude Protein Extracts from Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms
213-222
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i2.130
Renee Lay Hong
Lim
Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Malaysia
Jin Ying
Leong
Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Suan Li
Lee
Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
medicinal mushrooms
Pleurotus citrinopileatus
Hericium erinaceus
Flammulina velutipes
cytotoxicity
hemagglutination
immunomodulation
anticancer
The bioactivities of crude protein extracts from three commercial culinary-medicinal mushrooms, Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, and Hericium erinaceus, were compared in this study to determine the presence of new and effective anticancer and immunomodulatory agents in these mushroom species. F. velutipes was used as a reference mushroom for its fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-fve), reported to exhibit potent mitogenic, cytotoxicity, and hemagglutination activities. The total yield of crude protein extracts obtained from F. velutipes, P. citrinopileatus, and H. erinaceus were 0.255, 0.501, and 0.369 mg/g of fresh fruiting bodies, respectively. SDS-PAGE profile analysis for protein bands having molecular weight in the range reported for the FIPs family revealed that F. velutipes and P. citrinopileatus crude protein extracts contained a distinct 13-kDa FIP-fve and a 15-kDa FIP from P. citrinopileatus (PCiP), respectively. However, faint 10- to 14-kDa protein bands were observed in crude extract from H. erinaceus. Crude protein extracts of F. velutipes, P. citrinopileatus, and H. erinaceus showed cytotoxicity on human cervical cancer HeLa cells at IC50 concentrations of 10.0, 21.6, and 31.2 μ;g/mL, respectively. The trypan blue exclusion assay further confirmed that protein extracts from F. velutipes and P. citrinopileatus, compared to H. erinaceus, showed significantly higher cytotoxicity on HeLa cells. Of the three species studied, only F. velutipes crude extract caused hemagglutination of human whole blood cells, possibly due to the FIP-fve. As there are no previous reports of cytotoxicity of these mushrooms on HeLa cells, our findings provided new insights into the presence of potential anticancer components in these mushrooms, which can be subsequently purified for further analysis and identification.
The 6th International Medicinal Mushroom Conference, September 25 - 29, 2011, Zagreb, Croatia
223-226
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v12.i2.140
FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT: CALL FOR ABSTRACTS AND PRELIMINARY REGISTRATION
ORGANIZED BY: Dr Myko San - Health from Mushrooms Co. (Croatia), Conference Organizing Committee, Add. Miramarska 109 10010 Zagreb, Croatia NA 385, Phone: +385 1 4660095, Fax: +385 1 4660095, E-mail: immc6.loc@gmail.com , Website: www.immc6.com
We are pleased to announce the 6th International Medicinal Mushroom Conference, which will be held in Zagreb, Croatia. We invite scientists, professionals, students and practitioners (mycologists, biologists, ecologists, biochemists, biotechnologists, pharmacologists, nutritionists, medical doctors, immunologists, oncologists, infection diseases specialists, cardiologists, neurologists, specialists in integrative, complementary and alternative medicine, bioremediators - especially in agriculture and forestry, etc), people working with mushrooms and in other food industries, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and other related industries and entrepreneurial and commercial initiatives, as well as all those who are interested in studying, discussing and exploring practical applications of the most current research on fungi and their medicinal properties.
The Conference will be organized with parallel sessions and poster exhibitions. An International Industrial Exhibition of Medicinal Mushrooms and Mushroom Products is also planned.