Begell House Inc.
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
IJM
1521-9437
10
4
2008
Ostreolysin, a Cytolytic Protein from Culinary-Medicinal Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) P. Kumm. (Agaricomycetideae), and Its Potential Use in Medicine and Biotechnology
293-302
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.10
Katja
Rebolj
Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Kristina
Sepcic
Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Ostreolysin is a 15-kDa cytolytic protein from the edible oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. It belongs to the aegerolysin family of small acidic proteins found in bacteria, fungi, and plants, but its biological role is not known. However, its appearance at the stage of primordial formation and its occurrence in peripheral parts of the fruiting bodies and lamellae suggest an involvement in the process of differentiation of hyphae and formation of basidia and spores of the mushroom. Its ability to induce fructification and enhance the yield of young oyster mushrooms after external application to the mushroom mycelium suggests that ostreolysin could be applied in biotechnological processes associated with mushroom farming. This protein is also able to induce the formation of transmembrane pores in natural and artificial lipid membranes. The process of cell lysis results from the specific interaction of ostreolysin with cholesterol-enriched raft-like membrane domains, which, however, differ from those binding caveolin or cholera toxin subunit B. Immunolocalization studies suggest that nontoxic mutants of ostreolysin could be used as specific markers for cholesterol-rich raft-like membrane domains and for studies of lipid raft heterogeneity.
Sclerotium of Culinary-Medicinal King Tuber Oyster Mushroom, Pleurotus tuberregium (Fr.) Singer (Agaricomycetideae): Its Cultivation, Biochemical Composition, and Biopharmacological Effects (Review)
303-313
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.20
Ka-Hing
Wong
Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
Peter Chi Keung
Cheung
Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
Among all the different morphological stages of edible mushrooms, the sclerotium is being relatively less reported, compared to the fruiting body and mycelium, in terms of its cultivation and economic importance, as well as its nutritional and medicinal values. Among the sclerotium-producing mushrooms, Wolfiporia cocos, Grifola umbellata, and Omphalia lapidescens were recorded in the ancient Chinese pharmacopedia for their pharmacological effects more than a thousand years ago. Recently, the sclerotial mushroom Pleurotus tuberregium has attracted much attention. This review comprehensively describes the cultivation, biochemical composition, and nutritional values, as well as the biopharmacological effects, of this mushroom sclerotium. Scientific investigations on this mushroom sclerotium over the last 10 years are highlighted. The potential of this mushroom sclerotium to be developed as novel functional foods or nutraceuticals is also discussed.
Pro- and Antioxidative Properties of Medicinal Mushroom Extracts
315-324
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.30
Song
Wei
Plant Research International B.V., Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Hot water extracts of 2 groups of medicinal mushrooms have been tested from the genera Agaricus, Antrodia, Auricularia, Coprinus, Cordyceps, Hericium, Grifola, Ganoderma, Lentinus, Phellinus, and Trametes for ROS-generating activity in human cells and for DPPH-TEAC antioxidant activity. Group 1 comprised 39 commercial extracts (7 species), and group 2 comprised 12 fruiting body extracts made from 11 different species of culinary-medicinal mushrooms. For both groups, the ROS-generating activity and the antioxidant activity were strongly correlated, as were their respective polysaccharide and polyphenol contents. The extracts differ in their amounts of the latter components but not in the ratio of the two. The slopes of the correlation curves were different for both groups, which is related to the higher polyphenol content of the commercial extracts. It is suggested that possible excess cell defense−related intracellular ROS generated by mushroom extracts may be downregulated by the antioxidant components present in the same extracts.
Effect of Culinary-Medicinal Lion's Mane Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae), on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats
325-330
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.40
Mahmood Ameen
Abdulla
Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Suzita
Noor
University of Malaya
Kah-Hui
Wong
Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Hapipah Mohd
Ali
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
The cytoprotective effect of Hericium erinaceus freeze-dried fruiting bodies was investigated against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Four groups of adult male Sprague Dawley rats were pretreated with distilled water (negative control), 250 mg kg−1 H. erinaceus, 500 mg kg−1 H. erinaceus, and omeprazole (positive control), respectively, before oral induction with absolute ethanol to generate gastric mucosal injury. Overall, rats pretreated with only distilled water suffered extensive hemorrhagic gastric mucosa lesions, whereas pretreatment with H. erinaceus or omeprazole reduced ulceration, with better cytoprotection observed in rats pretreated with omeprazole or 500 mg kg−1 H. erinaceus compared to rats pretreated with 250 mg kg−1 H. erinaceus. Histologically, marked damage was observed in the gastric mucosa, with submucosal edema and leucocyte infiltration in negative-control rats, whereas H. erinaceus-pretreated and positive-control rats had less gastric mucosal damage, decreased edema, and no submucosal leucocyte infiltration. In conclusion, H. erinaceus provided cytoprotection against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats.
Occurrence and Identification of Chalcones from the Culinary-Medicinal Cauliflower Mushroom Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)
331-336
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.50
Kanako
Hayashi
Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
Sinji
Tokuyama
Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
Mamiko
Hashimoto
Central Research Laboratories, Unitika Co., Ltd., Uji, Kyoto 611-0021, Japan
Takashi
Kimura
Central Research Laboratories, Unitika Co., Ltd., Uji, Kyoto 611-0021, Japan
Munehiko
Dombo
Central Research Laboratories, Unitika Co., Ltd., Uji, Kyoto 611-0021, Japan
Hirokazu
Kawagishi
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
In terms of pharmacology, chalcones are important compounds that have a wide variety of biological activities: antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory. Structurally diverse chalcones have mainly been isolated from plants. In the course of screening for anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity, we discovered activity in the extract from the culinary-medicinal mushroom species Sparassis crispa and succeeded in isolating two compounds as the active principles from the extracts. Identification of the compounds was performed by the interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. As a result, the compounds were identified as already known chalcones, xanthoangelol and 4-hydroxyderricin, which have been isolated from the plant Angelica keiskei. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of chalcones from the Fungi kingdom, and the result indicates the possibility that S. crispa might be a promising source for the production of chalcones, in addition to the plant Angelica keiskei.
Positive Effect of Selenium on the Immune Regulation Activity of Ling Zhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae), Proteins In Vitro
337-344
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.60
Xiao-Song
Hu
The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Guanghua
Zhao
College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Ling Zhi or Reishi) has many biological functions, including immunity-regulation activity. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element in animals. Our previous studies showed that G. lucidum canbiotransform20%-30% of inorganic Se from substrate. Moreover, the Se was biotransformed preferentially in forms of Se-containing proteins. Therefore, it is interesting to know how selenium influences the activity of the proteins in G. lucidum. In the present study, the effects of crude proteins (SeGLPr) from Se-enriched G. lucidum (Se-G. lucidum) and a novel protein Se-GL-P purified from Se-G. lucidum on the multiplication of T- and B-lymphocyte cells and the activity of NK cells were determined in vitro, respectively. The biological activities of the two samples were compared with four other samples, including Na2SeO3, [Na2SeO3+BSA], crude proteins from regular G. lucidum (GLPr), and [Na2SeO3+GLPr], under the same conditions. Results showed that, at the same protein and Se concentration, Se-GL-P exhibited the strongest activity among six samples in promoting the multiplication of T and B cells as well as the killer activity of NK cells with a protein concentration ranging from 20 to 2000 μg/mL. Moreover, GLPr has shown immunity-regulation activity, and the incorporation of Se into the proteins apparently enhances this activity. Thus, it appears that the immune-regulation activities of both Se and the proteins from G. lucidum can be combined.
Investigation of the Antibacterial Activity of a Chloroform Extract of Ling Zhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae), from Iran
345-349
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.70
Somayeh
Keypour
Department of Biology, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran
Hossein
Riahi
Bioscience Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran
Mohammad-Fata
Moradali
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Horticultural Science and Plant Protection, Agriculture and Natural Resources College, Tehran University, Karaj, Iran
Hasan
Rafati
Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran
In the present study, the antibacterial activity of a chloroform extract isolated from the fruiting body of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Ling Zhi or Reishi) was investigated. Different concentrations of the crude extract have been used to evaluate its antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria—Bacillus subtilis ATCC 465, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Enterococcus feacalis ATCC 29737, and Gram-negative bacteria—Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 85327. The results of disk diffusion tests showed that the chloroform extract had growth inhibitory effects on two of the Gram-positive bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined as well. Both MIC and MBC for Staphylococcus aureus were 8 mg/mL, and for Bacillus subtillis, they were 8 and 16 mg/mL, respectively. To investigate the chloroform extract for its bioactive components, established biochemical methods—the Liebermann-Burchard, Nöller, and Salkowski tests—were used. The results revealed that a variety of lipid derivatives, including sterols and triterpenoid acids, were present in the chloroform extract.
Optimization of Submerged Cultivation Conditions for Extra- and Intracellular Polysaccharide Production by Medicinal Ling Zhi or Reishi Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)
351-360
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.80
Jasmina
Simonic
Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Mirjana
Stajic
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Jasmina
Glamoclija
Institute of Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Jelena
Vukojević
Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Sonja
Duletic-Lausevic
Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Ilija
Brceski
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
This study showed that cultivation conditions (medium composition, initial medium pH, aeration rate, inoculum density) affect biomass and polysaccharide production in Ganoderma lucidum strain HAI 447. The synthetic medium (pH 5.5) with maltose at the concentration of 65.0 g L−1, peptone of 0.2%, as well as in the presence of K, Na, and Mg at concentrations of 6.0, 3.0, and 2.0 mM, respectively, presented the best conditions for biomass (29.2 g L−1) and extra- and intracellular polysaccharide (2.9 mg mL−1 and 73.3 mg g−1, respectively) production in the analyzed strain. Constant aeration was optimal for biomass and extracellular polysaccharide production, whereas cultivation under stationary conditions was the best for intracellular polysaccharide production. A peak in biomass and polysaccharide production was observed at an inoculum density of 20.0 mL.
Purification and Particular Characterization of Laccase from the Ling Zhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. 447 (Aphyllophoromycetideae)
361-368
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.90
George G.
Songulashvili
Institute of Evolution, Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science and Science Education, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, 31905 Israel; and Durmishidze Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology,0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
Vladimir I.
Elisashvili
The Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Georgia, 0131 Tbilisi, Georgia
Eviatar D.
Nevo
Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 199 Abba Khousi Ave., Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
Yitzhak
Hadar
Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
The Ganoderma lucidum strain 447 was cultivated in a 10-L fermentor. We used the ethanol-production residue (by wheat) (REP) as the growth substrate and Cu as an inductor. Ganoderma lucidum was grown for 8 days before laccase reached the highest yield (188,600 U L−1). The purification enzyme appeared as two-laccase isozyme bands on SDS-PAGE. The molecular masses were 43 and 56 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The pH optimum for 2,2'-azino-bis-[3-ethyltiazoline-6-sulfonate] (ABTS) oxidation was 3 in citric/acetic buffers. In this study, the optimum temperature for laccase activity was determined to be 30°C. The kinetic of laccase was experimented on using 12 phenolic substrates. The lowest Km values (0.0048 and 0.005 mM) were found for syringaldazine and ABTS, respectively.
Light Regulation of Growth and Biosynthetic Activity of Ling Zhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae), in Pure Culture
369-378
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.100
Natalia L.
Poyedinok
M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Oksana B.
Mykhailova
N. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, 01601 Ukraine
Victor V.
Shcherba
Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 220141, Belarus
Asja S.
Buchalo
M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tereshchenovskaya Str., 2, Kiev 01601, Ukraine
Anatoliy M.
Negriyko
Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Science Av.46, 01022, Ukraine
Mycelial sensitivity of higher Basidiomycetes medicinal Ling Zhi or Reishi mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, to the light of various spectral compositions, beam geometry, and polarization has been studied. G. lucidum cultures showed the greatest sensitivity to blue and red light. Light processing of the inoculum has lowered the quantity needed for inoculation and reduced the duration of the fermentation process. The influence of irradiation on polysaccharide synthesis, carbohydrate composition of exopolisaccharides, and mycelial microstructures of G. lucidum has been investigated. The more pronounced stimulating effect of coherent and pulsed light in comparison with noncoherent and continuous light has been observed.
Evaluation of Substrate for Production of Ling Zhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)
379-383
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.110
K. K.
Mishra
Mushroom Research & Training Centre, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263 145 (Uttaranchal), India
R. P.
Singh
Mushroom Research & Training Centre, College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263 145 (Uttaranchal), India
The yield and biological efficiency of three isolates of Ganoderma lucidum were evaluated over different agro-wastes, including sawdust, coir pith, wheat straw, chickpea straw, mustard straw (either alone or in combination), supplemented with wheat bran and rice bran at 2.5% and 5% each on a wet weight basis and amended with 1% calcium sulphate, 0.2% calcium carbonate, and 0.1% magnesium sulphate. All of the substrates produced fruiting bodies. Wheat straw supplemented with 5% rice bran gave a significantly higher yield for all of the three isolates of G. lucidum, and the biological efficiency varied from 10%−16.88%.
Bioconversion of Agro Wastes for the Cultivation of the Culinary-Medicinal Lion's Mane Mushrooms Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. and H. laciniatum (Leers) Banker (Aphyllophoromycetideae) in Taiwan
385-398
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.120
Shu-Hui
Hu
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Jinn-Chyi
Wang
Department of Food Science and Technology, Tajen University, Shin-Erh Village, Yen-Pu Shiang, Pingtung, Taiwan
Chiu-Yeh
Wu
Department of Culinary Arts, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua, Changhua 510, Republic of China
Shu-Ling
Hsieh
Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Fooyin University, Ta-liao Shiang, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 831
Ker-Shaw
Chen
Department of Food Science and Technology, Tajen University, Shin-Erh Village, Yen-Pu Shiang, Pingtung, Taiwan, 907
Sue-Joan
Chang
Department of Life Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701
Four different agro wastes, that is, rice hull, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, and soybean dregs, were used to partially replace the sawdust of substrate components for the cultivation of Hericium erinaceus and H. laciniatum in order to explore their influence on biological efficiency, bioconversion rate, and yield. Among 10 experimental substrates, the biological efficiencies of those with the addition of 250 g kg−1 or 500 g kg−1 (dry wt) of sugarcane bagasse were 78.1% or 80.4% for H. erinaceus and 74.8% or 77.5% for H. laciniatum, respectively, whereas that of the control was 80.7% or 76.7% in the second flush. Both species of Hericium displayed higher cellulolytic and ligninolytic capabilities in the two above-mentioned substrates than in other experimental substrates during cultivation, and the bioconversion rates of the substrates that had formed fruiting bodies were near that of the control. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal conditions, including temperatures, inoculation levels, aeration conditions, and equilibrium relative humidity (ERH), for the cultivation of the two species of Hericium on a substrate containing 500 g kg−1 sugarcane. The highest yields and biological efficiencies of these mushrooms were obtained by cultivation at 23°C, inoculation level of 30-mg dry mycelium weight, no-forced aeration, and 90% ERH. The results showed that it is feasible to use some agro wastes to partially replace sawdust in the cultivation of the two species of Hericium. H. erinaceus exhibited higher biological efficiency and yield than H. laciniatum.
Contents of Volume 10
399-403
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.130
Indices to Volume 10
405-409
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.140
2nd African Conference on Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms.Mushrooms: The Key to Food, Health and Environmental Security (November 2008, Ghana)
411
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.150
You are invited to the 2nd African Conference on Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms (ACEMM), organized by the African Society for Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms, Accra Polytechnic and CSIR-Food Research Institute, Accra.
This conference will be a scientific and culturally rich fun event! www.asemm.org/accra2008
Who should attend:
Mycologists, Microbiologists & Mushroom enthusiasts
Doctors, Nutritionists & Healers
Policy makers & Govt. ministries
NGOs & Rural development agencies
Ecologists, Bioremediators, Biotechnologists & Environmental experts
Mushroom farmers & marketers Agribusiness specialists
Topics to be covered
Ethnomycology
Mushroom cultivation
Medicinal properties and pharmacology of active compounds
Mushroom based supplements (nutriceuticals)
Fungal physiology, biochemistry and genetics
Mycoremediation (Fungi mediated bioremediation)
Biodegradation & bioconversion of agricultural wastes
Systematics, taxonomy, distribution, ecology & diversity
2nd African Conference on Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms
November 17−21, 2008
Novotel Hotel, Accra City Center, Accra, Ghana
The 5th International Medicinal Mushroom Conference (June 2009, P.R. China)
413-416
10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v10.i4.160
Date and Location:
The 5th International Medicinal Mushroom Conference (IMMC5) will be held in Nantong Jiangsu, China between the 18th and 21st of June, 2009. Registry date: June 17, 2009.
Programs of the conference
A. Scientific Forum on Medicinal Mushrooms
1. Taxonomy, ecology and germplasm depositories.
2. Nutritional attributes and medicinal effects.
3. Physiology, biochemistry and genetics.
4. Medicinal importance of β-glucans and lectins in me dicinal mushrooms
5. Cultivation techniques and fermentation processes used in medicinal mushroom production.
6. Medicinal mushrooms in folklore, and their coincident and differing roles in modern-day Chinese and Western medicine.
7. Satellite symposia:
a. Ganoderma spp: perspectives and challenges.
b. Cordyceps sinensis: perspectives and challenges,
c. Industrial-scale production, promotion and marketing of medicinal mushrooms.
B. International Industrial Exhibition of Medicinal Mushrooms and Mushroom Products
Offering 50−80 standard stands (3m×3m) to exhibit mushroom products and the latest research
Organized by:
Mycological Society of China
China Chamber of Commerce of Import and Export of Foodstuffs Native Produce and Animal By-Products
Nantong Municipal People's Government
Local Organizing Committee:
Add: No.68-A Zhongyang Road,Nantong, Jiangsu, China. P.C.:226009
Tel: +86-513-85327268
Fax: +86-513-85327269
E-mail: immc5@hotmail.com
Website: www.immc5.com