RT Journal Article ID 0653dfe769f1e60a A1 Burks, Martin V. A1 Nair, Lakshmi T1 Long-Term Effects of Bone Morphogenetic Protein- Based Treatments in Humans JF Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants JO JLT YR 2010 FD 2011-04-04 VO 20 IS 4 SP 277 OP 293 K1 Bone morphogenetic protein K1 bone grafts K1 spinal fusion K1 fracture non-union K1 clinical trials AB Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are low-molecular-weight proteins of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. In recent years, these growth and differentiation factors have been extensively researched for their multifunctional properties ranging from embryonic development to postnatal homeostasis. The defining ability of BMPs is the role they play in skeletal development and maintenance, especially the powerful osteoinductive activity for which these proteins are currently sought after. There are over 20 BMPs that have been discovered, with BMP-2 and BMP-7 currently being the only proteins of the group that are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for clinical use as an autograft substitute for lumbar spinal interbody fusion procedures and for open tibial fractures with intramedullary nail fixation. BMP-2 has also been approved for use in dental bone grafting indications. However, a significant amount of off-label usage of these proteins has been reported, which has led to an industry approaching a billion dollars annually. In this review, we examine the long-term effects of BMPs as evidenced from in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies. PB Begell House LK https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/1bef42082d7a0fdf,1019219f54d152c8,0653dfe769f1e60a.html