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Critical Reviews™ in Immunology

Publicado 6 números por año

ISSN Imprimir: 1040-8401

ISSN En Línea: 2162-6472

The Impact Factor measures the average number of citations received in a particular year by papers published in the journal during the two preceding years. 2017 Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, 2018) IF: 1.3 To calculate the five year Impact Factor, citations are counted in 2017 to the previous five years and divided by the source items published in the previous five years. 2017 Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, 2018) 5-Year IF: 2.6 The Eigenfactor score, developed by Jevin West and Carl Bergstrom at the University of Washington, is a rating of the total importance of a scientific journal. Journals are rated according to the number of incoming citations, with citations from highly ranked journals weighted to make a larger contribution to the eigenfactor than those from poorly ranked journals. Eigenfactor: 0.00079 The Journal Citation Indicator (JCI) is a single measurement of the field-normalized citation impact of journals in the Web of Science Core Collection across disciplines. The key words here are that the metric is normalized and cross-disciplinary. JCI: 0.24 SJR: 0.429 SNIP: 0.287 CiteScore™:: 2.7 H-Index: 81

Indexed in

The Mucosal Adjuvant Activities of ADP-Ribosylating Bacterial Enterotoxins

Volumen 15, Edición 3-4, 1995, pp. 317-348
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v15.i3-4.70
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SINOPSIS

The bacterial enterotoxins, cholera toxin and the heat labile toxin of E. coli, are well known adjuvants for mucosal immune response. Their common A chain mediates the toxigenic mechanism by causing ADP ribosylation of G proteins and subsequent elevation of cAMP in target cells. A large IgA and IgG antibody response to admixed protein antigen (Ag) is the hallmark of these adjuvants and is clearly associated with the A chain activity. Expansion of Ag-specific B and T cells, alteration of T cell cytokine production, and changes in regulatory T cells have been reported as adjuvant mechanisms. The B chain derivatives of these toxins can also weakly enhance immune response, especially if covalently associated with Ag and used for nasophyrangeal immunization. Importantly, these toxins or their B chain derivatives can alter the normal immune regulation that produces oral tolerance. This indicates that they modulate mechanisms operative between the mucosal and systemic immune systems. There are some discrepancies between in vitro models of CT or LT activity and in vivo manifestations of their adjuvant activities. Interpretation of current data regarding in vivo mechanism is hampered by an incomplete understanding of how mucosal B and T cells can interact with systemic lymphoid tissue and vice versa. More important, there is no clear understanding of the early effects of the toxins on the local (and draining) mucosal lymphoid tissues. This is especially true in the critical areas of antigen presentation, T and B cell activation, and cytokine production.

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