图书馆订阅: Guest
雾化与喷雾

每年出版 12 

ISSN 打印: 1044-5110

ISSN 在线: 1936-2684

The Impact Factor measures the average number of citations received in a particular year by papers published in the journal during the two preceding years. 2017 Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, 2018) IF: 1.2 To calculate the five year Impact Factor, citations are counted in 2017 to the previous five years and divided by the source items published in the previous five years. 2017 Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, 2018) 5-Year IF: 1.8 The Immediacy Index is the average number of times an article is cited in the year it is published. The journal Immediacy Index indicates how quickly articles in a journal are cited. Immediacy Index: 0.3 The Eigenfactor score, developed by Jevin West and Carl Bergstrom at the University of Washington, is a rating of the total importance of a scientific journal. Journals are rated according to the number of incoming citations, with citations from highly ranked journals weighted to make a larger contribution to the eigenfactor than those from poorly ranked journals. Eigenfactor: 0.00095 The Journal Citation Indicator (JCI) is a single measurement of the field-normalized citation impact of journals in the Web of Science Core Collection across disciplines. The key words here are that the metric is normalized and cross-disciplinary. JCI: 0.28 SJR: 0.341 SNIP: 0.536 CiteScore™:: 1.9 H-Index: 57

Indexed in

EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WILDFIRE SPRINKLER SPRAYS USING HIGH-SPEED VIDEOGRAPHY

卷 29, 册 5, 2019, pp. 381-402
DOI: 10.1615/AtomizSpr.2019031403
Get accessGet access

摘要

External sprinkler systems are one of a relatively small number of measures that are frequently recommended for the protection of houses from wildfires. However, very little scientific work appears to have been undertaken to evaluate their effectiveness. Numerical simulation techniques such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) could be used to investigate spray performance in the conditions of a wildfire; however, detailed characteristics of the sprays typically implemented in wildfire sprinkler systems must first be known so that they can be accurately represented in such simulations. This paper presents the results of an in-depth experimental investigation into the spatiotemporal distributions of droplet mass flux, diameter, and velocity in six water sprays used in wildfire sprinkler systems. The sprays were produced using (1) a flat-fan misting nozzle, (2) a hollow-cone nozzle, (3) a deflector-plate sprinkler, (4) a butterfly sprinkler, (5) an impact sprinkler main nozzle, and (6) the auxiliary nozzle of the same impact sprinkler. The experimental and video-analysis methodologies developed have also been described in detail, to serve as a guide for future investigations. A single-camera, back-illuminated, high-speed videography technique was adopted, and droplets within a specific measurement volume were identified in the video footage using a focal criterion based on the point-spread function half-width of droplet images. A new technique was developed to separate overlapping droplet images, which was found to perform better than existing methods when applied to noncircular droplet images. Procedures for the tracking of droplets between video frames and statistical correction of sampling biases are also described in detail.

参考文献
  1. Bautista-Capetillo, C., Robles, O., Salinas, H., and Playan, E., A Particle Tracking Velocimetry Technique for Drop Characterization in Agricultural Sprinklers, Irrig. Sci., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 437-447,2014. DOI: 10.1007/s00271-014-0440-6.

  2. Bautista-Capetillo, C.F., Salvador, R., Burguete, J., Montero, J., Tarjuelo, J.M., Zapata, N., Gonzalez, J., and Playan, E., Comparing Methodologies for the Characterization of Water Drops Emitted by an Irrigation Sprinkler, Trans. ASABE, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1493-1504,2009.

  3. Blaisot, J.B., Drop Size and Drop Size Distribution Measurements by Image Analysis, Int. Conf. Liq. At. Spray Syst. ICLASS, Heidelberg, Germany, 2012.

  4. Blaisot, J.B. and Yon, J., Droplet Size and Morphology Characterization for Dense Sprays by Image Processing: Application to the Diesel Spray, Exp. Fluids, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 977-994, 2005. DOI: 10.1007/s00348-005-0026-4.

  5. Bowman, D.M.J.S., Williamson, G.J., Abatzoglou, J.T., Kolden, C.A., Cochrane, M.A., and Smith, A.M.S., Human Exposure and Sensitivity to Globally Extreme Wildfire Events, Nat. Ecol. Evol., vol. 1, p. 58, 2017. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-016-0058.

  6. Castanet, G., Dunand, P., Caballina, O., and Lemoine, F., High-Speed Shadow Imagery to Characterize the Size and Velocity of the Secondary Droplets Produced by Drop Impacts onto a Heated Surface, Exp. Fluids, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1-17,2013. DOI: 10.1007/s00348-013-1489-3.

  7. CFS, CFS Fact Sheet-Sprinkler Systems, South Australian Country Fire Service, 2011.

  8. Dalziel, S.B., Decay of Rotating Turbulence: Some Particle Tracking Experiments, Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 217-244,1992.

  9. Dalziel, S.B., Digiflow User Guide, Cambridge, UK: DL Research Partners, 2006.

  10. Dorr, G.J., Hewitt, A.J., Adkins, S.W., Hanan, J., Zhang, H., and Noller, B., A Comparison of Initial Spray Characteristics Produced by Agricultural Nozzles, Crop Prot., vol. 53, pp. 109-117,2013.

  11. Everest, D. and Atreya, A., Simultaneous Measurements of Drop Size and Velocity in Large-Scale Sprinkler Flows Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Mie Scattering, J. Flow Vis. Image Process., vol. 10, nos. 3-4, pp. 163-181,2003. DOI: 10.1615/JFlowVisImageProc.v10.i34.10.

  12. Fdida, N. and Blaisot, J.B., Drop Size Distribution Measured by Imaging: Determination of the Measurement Volume by the Calibration of the Point Spread Function, Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 21, no. 2, p. 15, 2010.

  13. FEMA, Home Builder's Guide to Construction in Wildfire Zones, Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2008.

  14. FPAA, External Water Spray Systems to Aid Building Protection from Wildfire, Blackburn North, VIC, Australia: Fire Protection Association Australia, 2000.

  15. GTVFD, Sprinkler Protection Systems-Guidelines for Gunflint Trail Fire District, Gunflint Trail Volunteer Fire Department, Grand Marais, MN, 2007.

  16. Guler, H., Zhu, H., Ozkan, H.E., Derksen, R.C., Yu, Y., and Krause, C.R., Spray Characteristics and Drift Reduction Potential with Air Induction and Conventional Flat-Fan Nozzles, Trans. ASABE, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 745-754,2007.

  17. Guler, H., Zhu, H., Ozkan, H.E., and Ling, P., Characterization of Hydraulic Nozzles for Droplet Size and Spray Coverage, At. Sprays, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 627-645,2012. DOI: 10.1615/AtomizSpr.2012006181.

  18. Herraez, J. and Belda, R., Refractive Indices, Densities and Excess Molar Volumes of Monoalcohols + Water, J Solution Chem., vol. 35,no. 9,pp. 1315-1328,2006. DOI: 10.1007/s10953-006-9059-4.

  19. ISO, ISO 6182-9:2005 Fire Protection-Automatic Sprinkler System, Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2005.

  20. Johnson, J.F., Downing, T., and Nelson, K.C., External Sprinkler Systems and Defensible Space: Lessons Learned from the Ham Lake Fire and the Gunflint Trail, University of Minnesota, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, 2008.

  21. Krawchuk, M.A., Moritz, M.A., Parisien, M.A., Van Dorn, J., andHayhoe, K., GlobalPyrogeography: The Current and Future Distribution of Wildfire, PLoS One, vol. 4, no. 4, 2009.

  22. Lee, S.Y. and Kim, Y.D., Sizing of Spray Particles Using Image Processing Technique, KSME Int. J., vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 879-894,2004.

  23. Lucas, C., Hennessy, K., Mills, G., and Bathols, J., Bushfire Weather in Southeast Australia: Recent Trends and Projected Climate Change Impacts, Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre, Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, Melbourne,VIC, Australia, 2007.

  24. Malot, H. and Blaisot, J.-B., Droplet Size Distribution and Sphericity Measurements of Low-Density Sprays through Image Analysis, Part. Part. Syst. Charact., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 146-158,2000.

  25. Mitchell, J.W., Wind-Enabled Ember Dousing, Fire Sal J, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 444-458,2006.

  26. Moritz, M.A., Batllori, E., Bradstock, R.A., Gill, A.M., Handmer, J., Hessburg, P.F., Leonard, J., McCaffrey, S., Odion, D.C., and Schoennagel, T., Learning to Coexist with Wildfire, Nature, vol. 515, no. 7525, pp. 58-66,2014.

  27. Mugele, R.A. and Evans, H.D., Droplet Size Distribution in Sprays, Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1317-1324,1951.

  28. Myers, T.M. and Marshall, A.W., A Description of the Initial Fire Sprinkler Spray, Fire Saf. J, vol. 84, pp. 1-7,2016. DOI: 10.1016/J.FIRESAF.2016.05.004.

  29. NFPA, 750: Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems, Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Asso-ciation, 2010.

  30. Nuyttens, D., Baetens, K., De Schampheleire, M., and Sonck, B., Effect of Nozzle Type, Size and Pressure on Spray Droplet Characteristics, Biosyst. Eng., vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 333-345, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.03.001.

  31. Potter, M. and Leonard, J., Spray System Design for Ember Attack-Research Findings and Discussion Paper, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Sustainable Ecosys-tems, Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre, 2010.

  32. Ren, N., Baum, H.R., and Marshall, A.W., A Comprehensive Methodology for Characterizing Sprinkler Sprays, Proc. Combust. Inst, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 2547-2554,2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2010.06.107.

  33. Salvador, R., Bautista-Capetillo, C., Burguete, J., Zapata, N., Serreta, A., and Playan, E., A Photographic Method for Drop Characterization in Agricultural Sprinklers, Irrig. Sci., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 307-317, 2009. DOI: 10.1007/s00271-009-0147-2.

  34. Santangelo, P.E., Characterization of High-Pressure Water-Mist Sprays: Experimental Analysis of Droplet Size and Dispersion, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1353-1366, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2010.06.008.

  35. Sheppard, D.T. and Lueptow, R.M., Characterization of Fire Sprinkler Sprays Using Particle Image Velocimetry, vol. 15,no. 3, pp. 341-362,2005. DOI: 10.1615/AtomizSpr.v15.i3.50.

  36. Sidahmed, M.M., Taher, M.D., and Brown, R.B., A Virtual Nozzle for Simulation of Spray Generation and Droplet Transport, Biosyst. Eng., vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 295-307, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2005.07.012.

  37. Standards Australia, Water Mist Fire Protection Systems, Standards Australia, Sidney, NSW, Australia, AS 4587-1999,1999.

  38. Standards Australia, Bushfire Water Spray Systems, Standards Australia, Sidney, NSW, Australia, AS 5414-2012,1999.

  39. Syphard, A.D., Massada, A.B., Butsic, V., and Keeley, J.E., Land Use Planning and Wildfire: Development Policies Influence Future Probability of Housing Loss, PLoS One, vol. 8, no. 8, e71708,2013.

  40. Vazquez, G., Alvarez, E., andNavaza, J.M., Surface Tension of Alcohol Water + Water from 20 to 50C, J. Chem. Eng. Data, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 611-614,1995. DOI: 10.1021/je00019a016.

  41. Vulgarakis Minov, S., Cointault, F., Vangeyte, J., Pieters, J., andNuyttens, D., Spray Droplet Characterization from a Single Nozzle by High Speed Image Analysis Using an In-Focus Droplet Criterion, Sensors, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 218,2016.

  42. Widmann, J., Sheppard, D., and Lueptow, R., Non-Intrusive Measurements in Fire Sprinkler Sprays, Fire Technol., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 297-315,2001. DOI: 10.1023/A:1012727614590.

  43. Yoon, S.H., Kim, D.Y., Kim, D.K., and Kim, B.H., Effect of Nozzle Geometry for Swirl Type Twin-Fluid Water Mist Nozzle on the Spray Characteristic, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1761-1766, 2011. DOI: 10.1007/s12206-011-0506-9.

  44. Yoon, S.S., Kim, H.Y., and Hewson, J.C., Effect of Initial Conditions of Modeled PDFs on Droplet Charac-teristics for Coalescing and Evaporating Turbulent Water Spray Used in Fire Suppression Applications, Fire Saf. J., vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 393-406,2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2007.01.001.

  45. You, H.Z., Investigation of Spray Patterns of Selected Sprinklers with the FMRC Drop Size Measuring System, Fire Saf. Sci, vol. 1, pp. 1165-1176,1986.

对本文的引用
  1. Lieber Christian, Koch Rainer, Bauer Hans-Jörg, Spray evaporation of urea–water solution: Experiments and modelling, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 116, 2020. Crossref

  2. Green Alan, Cooper Paul, Montazeri Hamid, Experimental study of water spray dispersion around a surface-mounted cube in atmospheric boundary layer flow, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 142, 2021. Crossref

  3. Costin Glenn P., Bushfire: Retrofitting Rural and Urban Fringe Structures—Implications of Current Engineering Data, Energies, 14, 12, 2021. Crossref

Begell Digital Portal Begell 数字图书馆 电子图书 期刊 参考文献及会议录 研究收集 订购及政策 Begell House 联系我们 Language English 中文 Русский Português German French Spain