每年出版 4 期
ISSN 打印: 1093-3611
ISSN 在线: 1940-4360
Indexed in
EFFECT OF WELDING HEAT INPUT ON HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE SOFTENING IN QUENCHED AND TEMPERED ARMOR STEELS
摘要
The paper presents the results of a bead-on-plate test for comparison of microhardness and micro-structure of the heat-affected zone of Miilux Protection 500 (MP 500), Swebor Armor 500 (SA 500), and ATI 500+ quenched and tempered protection steels and alloy armor steel (AAS). Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with heat-input values varied from 0.50 kJ·mm-1 to 0.90 kJ·mm-1. The microhardness profiles in the heat-affected zones of the investigated materials have shown that the most significant loss of strength was detected in the ATI 500+ steel. Even when bead was deposited with the lowest welding heat input (0.5 kJ·mm-1), the length of the softened heat-affected zone region of the ATI 500+ steel is 1.6−2.0 times larger than that of other materials. Alloy armor steel was found to be less sensitive to welding heating and most resistant to heat-affected zone softening in comparison with other protection steels. The results obtained are explained by studies of microstructure of softened heat-affected zone regions and by comparison of the chemical composition of steels. A significantly higher content of Si, Cr, Ni, and Mo as well as additional alloying with V in the steel has led to suppression of the processes of softening of heat-affected zone regions which are heated to the temperature values of high tempering and partial austenization. The results obtained show the need of improving the GMAW technologies used in production of hulls and towers of armored fighting vehicles.
-
Adamczyk, J., Development of the Microalloyed Constructional Steels, JAMME, vol. 14, nos. 1-2, pp. 9-20, 2006.
-
Ahiale, G.K. and Oh, Y.-J., Microstructure and Fatigue Performance of Butt-Welded Joints in Advanced High-Strength Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 597, pp. 342-348, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j. msea.2014.01.007.
-
Baker, T.N., Processes, Microstructure and Properties of Vanadium Microalloyed Steels, Mater. Sci. Technol., vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1083-1107, 2009. DOI: 10.1179/174328409X453253.
-
Crouch, I.G., Cimpoeru, S.J., Li, H., and Shanmugam, D., Armor Steels, in The Science of Armor Materials, I.G. Crouch, Ed., Sawston, UK: Woodhead Publishing, pp. 55-115, 2017.
-
Crouch, I.G., Metallic Armor-From Cast Aluminum Alloys to High Strength Steels, Material Forums, vol. 12, pp. 31-37, 1988.
-
Grange, R.A., Hribal, C.R., and Porter, L.F., Hardness of Tempered Martensite in Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels, Metallurg. Trans. A, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1775-1785, 1977. DOI: 10.1007/BF02646882.
-
Hanhold, B., Babu, S.S., and Cola, G., Investigation of Heat-Affected Zone Softening in Armor Steels. Part 1-Phase Transformation Kinetics, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 247-252, 2013. DOI: 10.1179/1362171812Y.0000000100.
-
Janicki, D., Disk Laser Welding of Armor Steel, Arch. Metallurg. Mater., vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 1641-1646, 2014. DOI: 10.2478/amm-2014-0279.
-
Kim, B., Celada, C., San Martin, D., Sourmail, T., and Rivera-Diaz-del-Castilloa, P.E.J., The Effect of Silicon on the Nanoprecipitation of Cementite, Acta Materialia, vol. 61, no. 18, pp. 6983-6992, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2013.08.012.
-
Krauss, G., Heat-Treated Low-Alloy Carbon Steels: The Benefits of Molybdenum, Proc. of Int. Seminar on Applications of Mo in Steels, Beijing, China, pp. 14-25, 2010.
-
Lin, H.R. and Cheng, G.H., Hardenability Effect of Boron on Carbon Steels, Mater. Sci. Technol., vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 855-859, 1987. DOI: 10.1179/mst.1987.3.10.855.
-
Liptak, P., Barenyi, I., and Hires, O., Degradation of Mechanical Properties after Welding of High Strength Steel Armox 500, Sci. Military, vol. 2, pp. 33-37, 2012.
-
Llewellyn, D.T. and Cook, W.T., Metallurgy of Boron-Treated Low-Alloy Steels, Metals Technol., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 517-529, 1974. DOI: 10.1179/030716974803287924.
-
Manganello, S.J. and Abbott, K.H., Metallurgical Factors Affecting the Ballistic Behavior of Steel Targets, J. Materials, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 231-239, 1972.
-
Maweja, K. and Stumpf, W., The Design of Advanced Performance High Strength Low-Carbon Martensitic Armor Steels. Part 1. Mechanical Property Considerations, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 485, nos. 1-2, pp. 140-153, 2008a. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.08.048.
-
Maweja, K. and Stumpf, W., The Design of Advanced Performance High Strength Low-Carbon Martensitic Armor Steels: Microstructural Considerations, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 480, nos. 1-2, pp. 160-166, 2008b. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.07.078.
-
Miilux, Ltd., Miilux Protection Workshop Recommendations, accessed from https://www.miilux.fi/armouring-solutions/?lang=en/, 2019.
-
Mohandas, T., Reddy, G.M., and Kumar, B.S., Heat-Affected Zone Softening in High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels, J. Mater. Process Technol, vol. 88, nos. 1-3, pp. 284-294, 1999. DOI: 10.1016/S0924-0136(98)00404-X.
-
Pang, W., Ahmed, N., and Dunne, D., Hardness and Microstructural Gradients in the Heat-Affected Zone of Welded Low-Carbon Quenched and Tempered Steels, Australasian Welding J., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 36-48, 2011.
-
Papetti, D.J., Metallic Armor Materials, in Ballistic Materials and Penetration Mechanics, R.C. Laible, Ed., Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 145-167, 1980.
-
Porter, D.A., Weldable High-Strength Steels: Challenges and Engineering Applications, High-Strength Materials-Challenges and Applications, Proc. of IIW Int. Conf., Helsinki, Finland, pp. 1-14, 2015.
-
Reddy, G.M. and Mohandas, T., Ballistic Performance of High-Strengh Low-Alloy Steel Weldments, J. Mater. Process Technol, vol. 57, nos. 1-2, pp. 23-30, 1996. DOI: 10.1016/0924-0136(95)02041-1.
-
Reddy, G.M., Mohandas, T., and Papukutty, K.K., Effect of Welding Process on the Ballistic Performance of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Weldments, J. Mater. Process Technol., vol. 74, nos. 1-3, pp. 27-35, 1998. DOI: 10.1016/S0924-0136(97)00245-8.
-
Robledo, D.M., Gomez, J.A.S., and Barrada, J.E.G., Development of a Welding Procedure for MIL A 46100 Armor Steel Joints Using Gas Metal Arc Welding, DYNA, vol. 78, no. 168, pp. 65-71, 2011.
-
Ryan, S., Li, H.-J., Edgerton, M., Gallardy, D., and Cimpoeru, S.J., Ballistic Evaluation of an Australian Ultra-High Hardness Steel, BALLISTICS 2016, Proc. of 29th Int. Symp. on Ballistics, C. Woodley and I. Cullis, Eds., pp. 1773-1778, 2016.
-
Showalter, D.D., Gooch, W.A., Burkins, M.S., and Stockman Koch, R., Ballistic Testing of SSAB Ultra-High Hardness Steel for Armor Applications, from Proc. of 24th Int. Ballistics Symp., New Orleans, LA, pp. 634-642, 2008.
-
SSAB, Inc., Workshop Recommendations for Armox, accessed from https://www.ssab.com/support/processing/, 2019.
-
Unfried, J.S., Garzon, C.M., and Giraldo, J.E., Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Microstructure Evolution during Arc Welding in Armor Plate Steels, J. Mater. Process Technol., vol. 209, no. 4, pp. 1688-1700, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.04.025.
-
Wells, M.G.H., Weiss, R.K., Montgomery, J.S., and Melvin, T.G., LAV Armor Plate Study, U.S. Army Materials Technology Laboratory, Watertown, MA, Tech. Rep. MTL TR 92-26, April, 1992.
-
Zhang, L. and Kannengiesser, T., HAZ Softening in Nb-, Ti-, and Ti+ V-Bearing Quenched and Tempered Steel Welds, Weld. World, vol. 60, pp. 177-184, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s40194-016-0299-7.
-
Katok O. A., Kravchuk R. V., Kharchenko V. V., Rudnits’kyi M. P., Bisyk S. P., Davydovs’kyi L. S., Slyvins’kyi O. A., Strength Assessment of Welded Joints of High-Strength Alloy Steels by Indentation Method, Strength of Materials, 52, 5, 2020. Crossref
-
Prokhorenko Odarka, Hainutdinov Serhii, Prokhorenko Volodymyr, Pulka Cheslav, Numerical simulation of the phase proportion distribution in a butt welded joint of steel DC04 for different back-step welding technological schemes, Procedia Structural Integrity, 36, 2022. Crossref
-
Prokhorenko Odarka, Hainutdinov Serhii, Prokhorenko Volodymyr, Pulka Cheslav, Senchyshyn Viktor, Numerical simulation of the kinetics of temperature and phase composition in a butt joint made from steel DC04 during a single-pass submerged arc welding, Procedia Structural Integrity, 36, 2022. Crossref
-
Skowrońska Beata, Szulc Jacek, Bober Mariusz, Baranowski Michał, Chmielewski Tomasz, Selected properties of RAMOR 500 steel welded joints by hybrid PTA-MAG, Journal of Advanced Joining Processes, 5, 2022. Crossref