图书馆订阅: Guest
生物医学工程评论综述™

每年出版 6 

ISSN 打印: 0278-940X

ISSN 在线: 1943-619X

SJR: 0.262 SNIP: 0.372 CiteScore™:: 2.2 H-Index: 56

Indexed in

Biomarkers of Cardiac Health and Disease

卷 47, 册 5, 2019, pp. 395-407
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2019031097
Get accessGet access

摘要

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are globally associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. CVDs are diagnosed based on clinical assessment, physical examination, disease history, electrocardiogram, and chest X-ray. However, these parameters have limited sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, CVDs include a range of conditions and are characterized by a wide variation in symptoms. Some patients with CVDs can also be asymptomatic. Hence, biomarkers are required for CVD confirmatory diagnoses. Although various biomarkers are suggestive of different CVDs, most of them are not used clinically in CVD diagnosis. This is because a single molecule is not completely suitable for diagnosis, especially at an early stage, or these markers have not been exploited beyond study stages. Because CVDs globally affect millions of individuals, a method for confirmatory detection at onset is eagerly required for effective clinical management of patients. This review focuses on potential biomolecules that can indicate the presence of different CVDs and cardiac health status.

参考文献
  1. Roth GA, Huffman MD, Moran AE, Feigin V, Mensah GA, Naghavi M, Murray CJ. Global and regional patterns in cardiovascular mortality from 1990 to 2013. Circulation. 2015;132(17):1667-78. .

  2. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardio-vascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The bogalusa heart study. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(23):1650-6. .

  3. Maisel AS, Peacock WF, McMullin N, Jessie R, Fonarow GC, Wynne J, Mills RM. Timing of immunoreactive B-type natriuretic peptide levels and treatment delay in acute decompensated heart failure. An ADHERE (acute decompensated heart failure national registry) analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(7):534-40. .

  4. Gaggin HK, Januzzi JL. Biomarkers and diagnostics in heart failure. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1832(12):2442-50. .

  5. Wang TJ, Evans JC, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, LeRoy EC, Vasan RS. Natural history of asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the community. Circulation. 2003;108(8):977-82. .

  6. Sharma S, Jackson PG, Makan J. Cardiac troponins. J Clin Pathol. 2004;57:1025-6. .

  7. Bosomworth NJ. Practical use of the Framingham risk score in primary prevention: Canadian perspective. Can Fam Phys. 2011;57(4):417-23. .

  8. Shlipak MG, Ix JH, Bibbins-Domingo K, Lin F, Whooley MA. Biomarkers to predict recurrent cardio-vascular disease: the heart and soul study. Am J Med. 2008;121(1):50-7. .

  9. Zipes DP, Wellens HJJ. Sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 1998;98(21):2334-51. .

  10. Alehagen U. Association of copeptin and N-terminal proBNP concentrations with risk of cardiovascular death in older patients with symptoms of heart failure. JAMA. 2011;305(20):2088. .

  11. Brown TM, Bittner V. Biomarkers of atherosclerosis: clinical applications. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2009;3(1):23-30. .

  12. Castelli WP. Cholesterol and lipids in the risk of coronary artery disease-the Framingham heart study. Can J Cardiol. 1988;4(Suppl A):5A-10A. .

  13. Upadhyay RK. Emerging risk biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases and disorders. J Lipids. 2015;2015:971453. .

  14. Bradley R, Fitzpatrick AL, Jenny NS, Lee D-H, Jacobs DR. Associations between total serum GGT activity and metabolic risk: MESA. Biomark Med. 2013;7(5):709-21. .

  15. Sherpa LY, Deji, Stigum H, Chongsuvivatwong V, Luobu O, Thelle DS, Nafstad P, Bjertness E. Lipid profile and its association with risk factors for coronary heart disease in the Highlanders of Lhasa, Tibet. High Alt Med Biol. 2011;12(1):57-63. .

  16. Boden WE, Probstfield JL, Anderson T, Chaitman BR, Desvignes-Nickens P, Koprowicz K, McBride R, Teo K, Weintraub W. Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(24):2255-67. .

  17. Jouven X, Charles MA, Desnos M, Ducimetiere P. Circulating nonesterified fatty acid level as a predictive risk factor for sudden death in the population. Circulation. 2001;104(7):756-61. .

  18. Wannamethee G, Shaper AG, Macfarlane PW, Walker M. Risk factors for sudden cardiac death in middle-aged British men. Circulation. 1995;91(6):1749-56. .

  19. Winkler K, Hoffmann MM, Winkelmann BR, Friedrich I, Schafer G, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, Wieland H, Boehm BO, Marz W. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 predicts 5-year cardiac mortality independently of established risk factors and adds prognostic information in patients with low and medium high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (the Ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health study). Clin Chem. 2007;53(8):1440-7. .

  20. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH, Genest J, Gotto AM, Kastelein JJ, Koenig W, Libby P, Lorenzatti AJ, Mac-Fadyen JG, Nordestgaard BG, Shepherd J, Willerson JT, Glynn RJ, JUPITER study group. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21):2195-207. .

  21. Persson M, Engstrom G, Bjorkbacka H, Hedblad B. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in plasma is associated with incidence of CVD. Results from the Malmo diet and cancer study. Atherosclerosis. 2012;220(2):502-5. .

  22. Eapen DJ, Manocha P, Ghasemzadeh N, Patel RS, Al Kassem H, Hammadah M, Veledar E, Le NA, Pielak T, Thorball CW, Velegraki A, Kremastinos DT, Lerakis S, Sperling L, Quyyumi AA. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor level is an independent predictor of the presence and severity of coronary artery disease and of future adverse events. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(5):e001118. .

  23. Hodges GW, Bang CN, Wachtell K, Eugen-Olsen J, Jeppesen JL. SuPAR: a new biomarker for cardiovascular disease? Can J Cardiol. 2015;31:1293-302. .

  24. Eugen-Olsen J, Andersen O, Linneberg A, Ladelund S, Hansen TW, Langkilde A, Petersen J, Pielak T, Maller LN, Jeppesen J, Lyngbaek S, Fenger M, Olsen MH, Hildebrandt PR, Borch-Johnsen K, Jergensen T, Haugaard SB. Circulating soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor predicts cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and mortality in the general population. J Intern Med. 2010;268(3):296-308. .

  25. Snoeckx LHEH, Cornelussen RN, Van Nieuwenhoven FA, Reneman RS, Van Der Vusse GJ. Heat shock proteins and cardiovascular pathophysiology. Physiol Rev. 2001;81(4):1461-97. .

  26. Corban MT, Hung OY, Mekonnen G, Eshtehardi P, Eapen DJ, Rasoul-Arzrumly E, Al Kassem H, Manocha P, Ko YA, Sperling LS, Quyyumi AA, Samady H. Elevated levels of serum fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products are independent predictors of larger coronary plaques and greater plaque necrotic core. Circ J. 2016;80(4):931-7. .

  27. Eapen DJ, Manocha P, Patel RS, Hammadah M, Veledar E, Wassel C, Nanjundappa RA, Sikora S, Malayter D, Wilson PW, Sperling L, Quyyumi AA, Epstein SE. Aggregate risk score based on markers of inflammation, cell stress, and coagulation is an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(4):329-37. .

  28. Ghasemzadeh N, Brooks MM, Vlachos H, Hardison R, Sikora S, Sperling L, Quyyumi AA, Epstein SE. An aggregate biomarker risk score predicts high risk of near-term myocardial infarction and death: findings from BARI 2D (bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation 2 diabetes). J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(7):e003587. .

  29. Moon JH, Koo BK, Moon MK. Optimal high-density lipoprotein cholesterol cutoff for predicting cardiovascular disease: comparison of the Korean and US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. J Clin Lipidol. 2015;9(3):334-42. .

  30. Biener M, Giannitsis E, Kuhner M, Zelniker T, Mueller-Hennessen M, Vafaie M, Stoyanov KM, Neumann FJ, Katus HA, Hochholzer W, Valina CM. Risk prediction in stable cardiovascular disease using a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T single biomarker strategy compared to the ESC-SCORE. Open Heart. 2018;5(1):e000710. .

  31. Zhang C, Huang D, Shen D, Zhang L, Wang Y, Sun H, Ma Y. Brain natriuretic peptide as the long-term cause of mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(9):16364-8. .

  32. Januzzi JL, Van Kimmenade R, Lainchbury J, Bayes-Genis A, Ordonez-Llanos J, Santalo-Bel M, Pinto YM, Richards M. NT-proBNP Testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in acute destabilized heart failure: an international pooled analysis of 1256 patients: the international collaborative of NT-proBNP study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(3):330-7. .

  33. Empana JP, Jouven X, Canoui-Poitrine F, Luc G, Tafflet M, Haas B, Arveiler D, Ferrieres J, Ruidavets JB, Mon- taye M, Yarnell J, Morange P, Kee F, Evans A, Amouyel P, Ducimetiere P. C-Reactive protein, interleukin 6, fibrinogen and risk of sudden death in European middleaged men: the prime study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30(10):2047-52. .

  34. Kempf T, Wollert KC. Growth-differentiation factor-15 in heart failure. Heart Fail Clin. 2009;5(4):537-47. .

  35. De Boer RA, Yu L, Van Veldhuisen DJ. Galectin-3 in cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2010;7(1):1-8. .

  36. Lok DJA, Van Der Meer P, de la Porte PWB-A, Lipsic E, Van Wijngaarden J, Hillege HL, van Veldhuisen DJ. Prognostic value of galectin-3, a novel marker of fibrosis, in patients with chronic heart failure: data from the DEAL-HF study. Clin Res Cardiol. 2010;99(5):323-8. .

  37. van Kimmenade RR, Januzzi JL, Ellinor PT, Sharma UC, Bakker JA, Low AF, Martinez A, Crijns HJ, MacRae CA, Menheere PP, Pinto YM. Utility of amino-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide, galectin-3, and apelin for the evaluation of patients with acute heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(6):1217-24. .

  38. Thomas MR, Lip GYH. Novel risk markers and risk assessments for cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2017;120(1):133-49. .

  39. Patton KK, Sotoodehnia N, Defilippi C, Siscovick DS, Gottdiener JS, Kronmal RA. N-Terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide is associated with sudden cardiac death risk: the cardiovascular health study. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8(2):228-33. .

  40. de Lemos JA, Drazner MH, Omland T, Ayers CR, Khera A, Rohatgi A, Hashim I, Berry JD, Das SR, Morrow DA, McGuire DK. Association of troponin T detected with a highly sensitive assay and cardiac structure and mortality risk in the general population. JAMA. 2010;304(22): 2503-12. .

  41. Collinson PO, Boa FG, Gaze DC. Measurement of cardiac troponins. Ann Clin Biochem. 2001;38(5):423-49. .

  42. Omland T, de Lemos JA, Sabatine MS, Christophi CA, Rice MM, Jablonski KA, Tjora S, Domanski MJ, Gersh BJ, Rouleau JL, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. A sensitive cardiac troponin T assay in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(26):2538-47. .

  43. Bodor GS, Porterfield D, Voss EM, Smith S, Apple FS. Cardiac troponin-I is not expressed in fetal and healthy or diseased adult human skeletal muscle tissue. Clin Chem. 1995;41(12):1710-5 .

  44. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, Domanski M, Troutman C, Anderson J, Johnson G, McNulty SE, Clapp-Channing N, Davidson-Ray LD, Fraulo ES, Fishbein DP, Luceri RM, Ip JH, Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) Investigators. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(3):225-37. .

  45. Cupples LA, Gagnon DR, Kannel WB. Long- and short-term risk of sudden coronary death. Circulation. 1992;85(1 Suppl):I11-8. .

  46. Gorgels APM, Gijsbers C, de Vreede-Swagemakers J, Lousberg A, Wellens HJJ. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest-the relevance of heart failure. The Maastricht circulatory arrest registry. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(13):1204-9. .

  47. Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Yandle TG, Frampton C, Espiner EA, Turner JG, Buttimore RC, Lainchbury JG, Elliott JM, Ikram H, Crozier IG, Smyth DW. Plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and adreno-medullin: new neurohormonal predictors of left ventricular function and prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998;97(19):1921-9. .

  48. Berger R, Huelsman M, Strecker K, Bojic A, Moser P, Stanek B, Pacher R. B-Type natriuretic peptide predicts sudden death in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2002;105(20):2392-7. .

  49. Dhindsa DS, Khambhati J, Sandesara PB, Eapen DJ, Quyyumi AA. Biomarkers to predict cardiovascular death. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2017;9(4):651-64. .

  50. Boisot S, Beede J, Isakson S, Chiu A, Clopton P, Januzzi J, Maisel AS, Fitzgerald RL. Serial sampling of ST2 predicts 90-day mortality following destabilized heart failure. J Card Fail. 2008;14(9):732-8. .

  51. Weir RAP, Miller AM, Murphy GEJ, Clements S, Steedman T, Connell JM, McInnes IB, Dargie HJ, McMurray JJ. Serum soluble ST2. A potential novel mediator in left ventricular and infarct remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(3):243-50. .

  52. Pascual-Figal DA, Ordonez-Llanos J, Tornel PL, Vazquez R, Puig T, Valdes M, Cinca J, de Luna AB, Bayes-Genis A; MUSIC Investigators. Soluble ST2 for predicting sudden cardiac death in patients with chronic heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(23):2174-9. .

  53. Maisel A, Mueller C, Nowak R, Peacock WF, Landsberg JW, Ponikowski P, Mockel M, Hogan C, Wu AH, Richards M, Clopton P, Filippatos GS, Di Somma S, Anand I, Ng L, Daniels LB, Neath SX, Christenson R, Potocki M, McCord J, Terracciano G, Kremastinos D, Hartmann O, von Haehling S, Bergmann A, Morgenthaler NG, Anker SD. Mid-region pro-hormone markers for diagnosis and prognosis in acute dyspnea. Results from the BACH (biomarkers in acute heart failure) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(19):2062-76. .

  54. Dhingra R, Vasan RS. Biomarkers in cardiovascular disease: statistical assessment and section on key novel heart failure biomarkers. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2017;27(2):123-33. .

  55. Jougasaki M, Wei CM, McKinley LJ, Burnett JC. Elevation of circulating and ventricular adrenomedullin in human congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1995;92:286-9. .

  56. Nishikimi T, Saito Y, Kitamura K, Ishimitsu T, Eto T, Kangawa K, Matsuo H, Omae T, Matsuoka H. Increased plasma levels of adrenomedullin in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26(6):1424-31. .

  57. Jougasaki M, Rodeheffer RJ, Redfield MM, Yamamoto K, Wei CM, McKinley LJ, Burnett JC, Jr. Cardiac secretion of adrenomedullin in human heart failure. J Clin Invest. 1996;97(10):2370-6. .

  58. Wong B, Kruse G, Kutikova L, Ray KK, Mata P, Bruckert E. Cardiovascular disease risk associated with familial hypercholesterolemia: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Ther. 2016;38(7):1696-709. .

  59. Shao B, Tang C, Sinha A, Mayer PS, Davenport GD, Brot N, Oda MN, Zhao XQ, Heinecke JW. Humans with ath-erosclerosis have impaired ABCA1 cholesterol efflux and enhanced high-density lipoprotein oxidation by myeloper-oxidase. Circ Res. 2014;114(11):1733-42. .

  60. Jaiswal M, Schinske A, Pop-Busui R. Lipids and lipid management in diabetes. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;28(3):325-38. .

  61. Hadi NR, Mohammad BI, Ajeena IM, Sahib HH. Antiatherosclerotic potential of clopidogrel: antioxidant and anti-inflammatory approaches. BioMed Res Int. 2013;790263:1-10. .

  62. Xu JY, Chen GH, Yang YJ. Exosomes: a rising star in falling hearts. Front Physiol. 2017;8:494. .

  63. Emanueli C, Shearn AIU, Angelini GD, Sahoo S. Exo-somes and exosomal miRNAs in cardiovascular protection and repair. Vascul Pharmacol. 2015;71:24-30. .

  64. Ailawadi S, Wang X, Gu H, Fan GC. Pathologic function and therapeutic potential of exosomes in cardiovascular disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;1852(1):1-11. .

  65. Skokos D, Botros HG, Demeure C, Morin J, Peronet R, Birkenmeier G, Boudaly S, Mecheri S. Mast cell-derived exosomes induce phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells and elicit specific immune responses in vivo. J Immunol. 2003;170(6):3037-45. .

  66. Barile L, Lionetti V, Cervio E, Matteucci M, Gherghiceanu M, Popescu LM, Torre T, Siclari F, Moccetti T, Vassalli G. Extracellular vesicles from human cardiac progenitor cells inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res. 2014;103(4):530-41. .

  67. Wang X, Huang W, Liu G, Cai W, Millard RW, Wang Y, Chang J, Peng T, Fan GC. Cardiomyocytes mediate anti-angiogenesis in type 2 diabetic rats through the exosomal transfer of miR-320 into endothelial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2014;74:139-50. .

  68. Bang C, Batkai S, Dangwal S, Gupta SK, Foinquinos A, Holzmann A, Just A, Remke J, Zimmer K, Zeug A, Ponimaskin E, Schmiedl A, Yin X, Mayr M, Halder R, Fischer A, Engelhardt S, Wei Y, Schober A, Fiedler J, Thum T. Cardiac fibroblast-derived microRNA passenger strand-enriched exosomes mediate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(5):2136-46. .

  69. de Jong OG, Verhaar MC, Chen Y, Vader P, Gremmels H, Posthuma G, Schiffelers RM, Gucek M, van Balkom BW. Cellular stress conditions are reflected in the protein and RNA content of endothelial cell-derived exosomes. J Extracell Vesicles. 2012;1(1). doi: 10.3402/jev.v1i0.18396. .

  70. Lyu L, Wang H, Li B, Qin Q, Qi L, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Janicki JS, Wang XL, Cui T. A critical role of cardiac fibroblast-derived exosomes in activating renin angiotensin system in cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2015;89:268-79. .

  71. Fang X, Stroud MJ, Ouyang K, Fang L, Zhang J, Dalton ND, Gu Y, Wu T, Peterson KL, Huang HD, Chen J, Wang N1. Adipocyte-specific loss of PPARy attenuates cardiac hypertrophy. JCI Insight. 2016;1(16):e89908. .

  72. Halkein J, Tabruyn SP, Ricke-Hoch M, Haghikia A, Nguyen NQN, Scherr M, Castermans K, Malvaux L, Lambert V, Thiry M, Sliwa K, Noel A, Martial JA, Hil-fiker-Kleiner D, Struman I. microRNA-146a is a therapeutic target and biomarker for peripartum cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(5):2143-54. .

  73. Ibrahim AGE, Cheng K, Marban E. Exosomes as critical agents of cardiac regeneration triggered by cell therapy. Stem Cell Rep. 2014;2(5):606-19. .

  74. 74. Chaturvedi P, Kalani A, Medina I, Familtseva A, Tyagi SC. Cardiosome mediated regulation of MMP9 in diabetic heart: role of mir29b and mir455 in exercise. J Cell Mol Med. 2015;19(9):2153-61. .

  75. Azevedo LCP, Janiszewski M, Pontieri V, de Almeida Pedro M, Bassi E, Tucci PJF, Laurindo FRM. Platelet-derived exosomes from septic shock patients induce myocardial dysfunction. Crit Care. 2007; 11 (6): R120. .

  76. Deng L, Blanco FJ, Stevens H, Lu R, Caudrillier A, McBride M, McClure JD, Grant J, Thomas M, Frid M, Stenmark K, White K, Seto AG, Morrell NW, Brad shaw AC, MacLean MR, Baker AH. microRNA-143 Activation regulates smooth muscle and endothelial cell crosstalk in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circ Res. 2015;117(10):870-83. .

  77. Lee C, Mitsialis SA, Aslam M, Vitali SH, Vergadi E, Konstantinou G, Sdrimas K, Fernandez-Gonzalez A, Kourembanas S. Exosomes mediate the cytoprotective action of mesenchymal stromal cells on hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 2012;126(22):2601-11. .

  78. Lagendijk AK, Goumans MJ, Burkhard SB, Bakkers J. microRNA-23 Restricts cardiac valve formation by inhibiting has2 and extracellular hyaluronic acid production. Circ Res. 2011;109(6):649-57. .

  79. Kawada H, Fujita J, Kinjo K, Matsuzaki Y, Tsuma M, Miyatake H, Muguruma Y, Tsuboi K, Itabashi Y, Ikeda Y, Ogawa S, Okano H, Hotta T, Ando K, Fukuda K. Non-hematopoietic mesenchymal stem cells can be mobilized and differentiate into cardiomyocytes after myocardial in-farction. Blood. 2004;104(12):3581-7 .

  80. Joggerst SJ, Hatzopoulos AK. Stem cell therapy for cardiac repair: benefits and barriers. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2009;11:e20. .

  81. Sahoo S, Klychko E, Thorne T, Misener S, Schultz KM, Millay M, Ito A, Liu T, Kamide C, Agrawal H, Perlman H, Qin G, Kishore R, Losordo DW. Exosomes from human CD34+ stem cells mediate their proangiogenic paracrine activity. Circ Res. 2011;109(7):724-8. .

  82. Feng Y, Huang W, Wani M, Yu X, Ashraf M. Ischemic preconditioning potentiates the protective effect of stem cells through secretion of exosomes by targeting Mecp2 via miR-22. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88685. .

  83. Arslan F, Lai RC, Smeets MB, Akeroyd L, Choo A, Aguor EN, Timmers L, van Rijen HV, Doevendans PA, Pasterkamp G, Lim SK, de Kleijn DP. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes increase ATP levels, decrease oxidative stress and activate PI3K/Akt pathway to enhance myocardial viability and prevent adverse remodeling after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Stem Cell Res. 2013;10(3):301-12. .

  84. Katare R, Riu F, Mitchell K, Gubernator M, Campagnolo P, Cui Y, Fortunato O, Avolio E, Cesselli D, Beltrami AP, Angelini G, Emanueli C, Madeddu P. Transplantation of human pericyte progenitor cells improves the repair of infarcted heart through activation of an angiogenic program involving micro-RNA-132. Circ Res. 2011;109(8):894-906. .

  85. Chen L, Wang Y, Pan Y, Zhang L, Shen C, Qin G, Ashraf M, Weintraub N, Ma G, Tang Y. Cardiac progenitor-derived exosomes protect ischemic myocardium from acute ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;431(3):566-71. .

  86. Vrijsen KR, Sluijter JPG, Schuchardt MWL, van Balkom BWM, Noort WA, Chamuleau SAJ, Doevendans PA. Cardiomyocyte progenitor cell-derived exosomes stimulate migration of endothelial cells. J Cell Mol Med. 2010;14:1064-70. .

  87. Ong SG, Lee WH, Huang M, Dey D, Kodo K, Sanchez-Freire V, Gold JD, Wu JC. Cross talk of combined gene and cell therapy in ischemic heart disease: Role of exo-somal microRNA transfer. Circulation. 2014;130:S60-9. .

  88. Wang X, Zhu H, Zhang X, Liu Y, Chen J, Medvedovic M, Li H, Weiss MJ, Ren X, Fan GC. Loss of the miR-144/451 cluster impairs ischaemic preconditioning-mediated cardioprotection by targeting Rac-1. Cardiovasc Res. 2012;94(2):379-90. .

  89. Hergenreider E, Heydt S, Treguer K, Boettger T, Horrevoets AJG, Zeiher AM, Scheffer MP, Frangakis AS, Yin X, Mayr M, Braun T, Urbich C, Boon RA, Dimmeler S. Atheroprotective communication between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells through miRNAs. Nat Cell Biol. 2012;14(3):249-56. .

  90. Iekushi K, Seeger F, Assmus B, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Regulation of cardiac microRNAs by bone marrow mono-nuclear cell therapy in myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2012;125(14):1765-73 .

  91. Care A, Catalucci D, Felicetti F, Bonci D, Addario A, Gallo P, Bang ML, Segnalini P, Gu Y, Dalton ND, Elia L, Latronico MV, Heydal M, Autore C, Russo MA, Dorn GW 2nd, Ellingsen O, Ruiz-Lozano P, Peterson KL, Croce CM, Peschle C, Condorelli G. microRNA-133 Controls cardiac hypertrophy. Nat Med. 2007;13(5):613-8. .

对本文的引用
  1. Sinha Prakash Kumar, Sinha Eshu Singhal, Microbial Enzymes as Thrombolytics, in Microbial Products for Health, Environment and Agriculture, 31, 2021. Crossref

Begell Digital Portal Begell 数字图书馆 电子图书 期刊 参考文献及会议录 研究收集 订购及政策 Begell House 联系我们 Language English 中文 Русский Português German French Spain